Excerpts

Correlations with Maternal Characteristics The correlation analysis revealed several moderately significant associations between milk metabolites and maternal anthropometric parameters across lactation stages.

Although this difference was only moderately significant statistically, it may hold clinical relevance, as chronic energy deficiency during pregnancy can lead to adaptive changes in hematopoiesis and disturbances in erythropoiesis [ 18 , 42 ].

Despite very limited, a slight association with PGA also emerged for age (β = 0.172, p = 0.075, 95% CI [−0.002–0.041]), suggesting a possible trend towards higher severity scores in the elderly population.

The microbiome of allergic mice was characterized by an increased abundance of Desulfovibrionaceae ( Figure 1 C), while the abundance of Eubacteriales ( p = 0.0931) and Rikenellaceae ( p = 0.0501) showed a decreasing trend as compared to sham.

In terms of muscle diameter, D-gal group showed a trend of decreased diameter than the control group in soleus.

Although the interaction term between menopausal status and salt intake became marginally significant ( p for interaction = 0.061) under the independent structure, the overall interpretation remained unchanged, supporting the robustness of the findings ( Supplementary Figure S1 ).

HD duration showed a decreasing trend across quartiles, although this did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.051), while the proportion of males, history of CVD, DM, and smoking history did not differ significantly among quartiles.

However, one-way ANOVA comparing NaDESs and conventional ethanol–water extracts revealed no significant differences in TPC ( p > 0.05), although a clear trend toward improved extraction with NaDESs was observed.

All of the metabolites mentioned above were observed to decline or show a decreasing trend following alcohol consumption in LFD and HFD-fed mice ( Figure 6 F–I).

Moreover, TH showed a trend for further improvement in Group 2, but did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.096; Table 3 ).

However, since the GWAS was deemed exploratory, we also considered SNPs with p -values below 5 × 10 −5 as suggestive of significance.

In contrast, butyrate did not exhibit a clear trend among the dietary treatments. 3.3.

torques showed a trend of lower RA in MC-supplemented groups.

There may be significant nutrient gaps in local diets for various reasons (including extreme poverty and rising food costs), which also impact complementary feeding at home and dietary adequacy, and this intervention may not be fully sufficient [ 17 , 36 ].

The OR of having a large waist circumference (≥88 cm) was of borderline significance (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.42–1.00) with higher hPDI.

In a 2-year study of 89 European postmenopausal women with or at risk for osteoporosis, soymilk supplementation alone prevented lumbar spine bone loss, and a nonsignificant trend toward greater BMD gain in equol producers (+2.8%) compared with non-producers (+0.6%) [ 47 ].

Although not all intergroup comparisons reached statistical significance, correlations between glycemic status, IL-6, and elastographic stiffness approached significance, suggesting a latent pathophysiological relationship [ 27 , 28 ].

Follow-up duration showed a small but statistically significant positive coefficient (coefficient = 0.01, 95% CI: −0.01 to 0.01, p = 0.011), suggesting a possible trend toward higher HbA1c with longer follow-up.

While the 2003 study [ 28 ] reported a highly significant effect, the present study (Bokayeva et al.) showed a non-significant effect.

However, a negative trend toward lower P1NP levels was observed in the LC diet group, alongside reductions in the median alkaline phosphatase level following both dietary interventions.

Although the Shannon diversity index [ 27 ] showed a slightly increasing trend in the HFD group compared with that in the ND group, this difference was not statistically significant.

The three survey waves align with Hungary’s official EHIS timeline, enabling a reliable trend analysis over ten years.

In contrast to BMI, direct measures of body composition showed highly significant differences.

This is supported in meta-analyses and systematic reviews that demonstrate an overall trend, suggesting that higher coffee consumption correlates with decreased depression severity [ 33 , 34 ].

However, EPA that showed a trend toward higher levels (1.5-fold), while the ω 6/ ω 3 ratio displayed a decreasing trend (0.78fold) in FH patients with history of CVE.