Excerpts

We argue that pseudoreplication is unlikely to be associated with confounded effects as 1) we have accounted for such issues in our statistical analysis, by using an appropriate multilevel model (GLMM) [ 61 ]; 2) we have maintained very high standards of water quality, which made sure there were no other differences in the seawater between treatments, other than carbonate chemistry, that could be responsible for the differences observed; and 3) our results are highly significant, and consistent with other studies [ 38 , 39 , 40 ], which provides a degree of replication on its own.

The hind cast shows a decreasing trend in pH at all sites with a mean decrease of 0.1 and 0.08 pH T units at site 1 and 2, respectively, since the start of the 20 th century ( Fig 4A ).

p < 0.05 indicates significant difference, while p < 0.01 refers to extremely significant difference.

In SNE, a significant trend was identified for μ but not for k .

A marginally significant correlation was detected between the body shape of the anuran larvae and the aridity index and forest cover ( Table 6 ).

The only effect that approached significance was Element 5, suggesting that liberals became more aware of uncertainties in climate science after reading the medical analogy.

In all three models, and in both men and women, there were significantly increased odds of drinking more than the daily recommended limit (>4/3 units) in the 7+ calls group, although this was only of borderline significance in the fully-adjusted model for men.

A trend was also observed for these participants to be more likely to report strict dieting and overvaluation of weight/shape, however these estimates approached but did not reach significance.

Except for ETM values, highly significant correlations were found between most of the MRI methods investigated.

Stratification of OS by treatment center revealed a highly significant increase in OS for patients who underwent surgery in expert centers according to CPGs.

Prediabetes-associated SNPs and microalbuminuria In Mendelian randomization, which is a form of instrumental variable regression analysis, the instrumental variable-estimated size of the effect of prediabetes on log-UACR was highly significant and consistent for all outcomes (β = 0.015 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.014–0.016] for fasting plasma glucose, 0.065 [0.011–0.012] for postprandial glucose, and 0.216 [0.198–0.234] for HbA1c; Table 4 ).

An interesting trend is emerging from the characterization of multimodular C . perfringens CAZymes, where the enzymatic activity of the catalytic module rarely matches the binding preferences of the resident CBM32 modules [ 14 , 21 , 25 , 51 ].

Interestingly, a clear trend towards reduced Th17 levels in draining lymph nodes of mice receiving either early single or combination treatment was present, despite the late time point of analysis (day 35).

However, we found a close to significance trend for trials where the first author was a psychologist/social scientist to report more favorable outcomes for pharmacotherapy than studies where the first author was a psychiatrist/MD (b = -0.25, 95% CI -.51 to 0.01, p = 0.06).

OVX caused a marked increase of cathepsin K compared with SHAM; SW and RAL alone showed a trend of enzyme reduction that reached significance when combined ( Fig 5A ).

RAL treatment of OVX rats showed a decreasing trend in body weight gain compared to OVX group.

Hence, in the obtained final model, the season-treatment-physiological stage interaction is very close to significance, whereas the apiary-treatment-physiological stage interaction is clearly significant, as are the physiological stage-apiary and the treatment-apiary interactions, and the apiary factor.

According to the present investigation, the occurrence of drug resistance mutations both in viruses from individuals receiving ART and in transmitted viruses to ART-naïve individuals is increasing at a global level[ 21 ],[ 22 ] It is noteworthy that the prevalence of TDR is low in resource-limited settings, however it maybe show an increasing trend in recent years.

SM also showed a trend towards modifying CD4+ T cell memory subsets from HIV+ subjects.

The motor mean RRP also showed a trend of prolongation in the late stage (G2+3 group: 3.47±0.12).

In contrast with the significant stimulation of SOCS1 and SOCS3 mRNA transcripts in IC-21 mouse macrophages during productive SG-MCMV infection, UVi-MCMV resulted in only a small trend toward transient stimulation of SOCS1 and SOCS3 that did not reach statistical significance when compared with medium-treated control cells ( Fig 3 ) and remained significantly lower than SG-MCMV values (SOCS1: p<0.05 for ≥2 hpi, and SOCS3: p<0.001 for 2 and 4 hpi, UVi-MCMV compared with SG-MCMV at each time point).

The expression of tumor-suppressor genes could rapidly decrease in a transient manner during the precancerous stage and finally recover in the advanced stage, which could present as an increasing trend in expression in comparison to the precancerous stage.

First, the number of samples available for morphometry that showed a trend toward shortening of bones was limited because only 12.5% of littermates expressed the three transgenes needed for the production of the R992C mutant.

The distribution of viral pathogens displays an increasing trend from October to May.

An increasing trend in δ 13 C p was observed over the first 20 years of the chronology from 1844 to 1864, which may be caused by the “juvenile effect” ( Fig 5a ).