Excerpts

p values < 0.05 and <0.01 were considered statistically significant and highly significant, respectively. 2.8.

For serum Hcy, a significant decrease in PS risk was observed in the moderate-normal (9.1–12 μmol/L), high-normal (12.1–15 μmol/L), and elevated (>15 μmol/L) categories among men, while a borderline significant reduction was noted in the high-normal category among women.

A p -value less than 0.05 signified a significant difference, a p -value less than 0.01 denoted an extremely significant difference, and a p -value less than 0.001 indicated an extremely high-level significant difference.

Authoritative parenting showed a marginal trend toward a lower episode rate, though this did not reach statistical significance (RR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.80–1.01, p = 0.065).

The results demonstrated a significant increase in p21 fluorescence intensity in the D-gal group but a decreasing trend in the PCP group, which is consistent with the in vitro results ( Figure 9 E,F). 4.

In contrast, the HI group showed a trend toward reduced villus height, which may be related to phytase-induced changes in the intestinal environment.

In males, the protective effect of a healthy lifestyle was highly significant compared to the unhealthy reference group.

The athletic discipline emerged as a highly significant predictor, where belonging to the UM group was associated with a PSQI score reduction of 2.498 points, indicating substantially better sleep quality independent of other variables ( p = 0.001; 95% CI: 3.976 to −1.021).

Counter-Movement Jump Statistical analysis revealed significant main effects of MCP (F [2,22] = 4.19, p = 0.03, η p 2 = 0.28, large effect) and condition (F [1,11] = 3.85, p = 0.08, borderline significant, η p 2 = 0.26, large effect), while the condition × MCP interaction was not significant (F [2,22] = 2.22, p = 0.13, η p 2 = 0.17, large effect).

Analysis of more recent trends revealed concerning patterns: data from the past five years indicated an increasing trend in dietary sodium exposure, with one notable exception: adults aged 50–69 years (both sexes) showed a consistent decreasing trend since 2017 ( Supplementary Figure S1 ).

This reciprocal interaction suggests that the balance between NF-κB-driven inflammation and PPAR-α-mediated mitochondrial lipid oxidation may be significant for the progression from metabolic stress to endothelial dysfunction and the consequent cardiorenal injury.

The cereal–tuber–legume pattern showed a marginally significant overall association ( p -overall = 0.089) but a significant nonlinear relationship ( p -nonlinear = 0.046), with IDS risk increasing gradually and peaking within a score range of approximately 1–2.5 ( Figure 4 b).

Our data suggest a specific vulnerability in female sex that, although at the margin of statistical significance in this exploratory sample, aligns with documented gender disparities in social isolation and psychological burden during lockdowns.

Table 10 shows the predictor variables which exhibited statistically significant or nearly significant associations with the studied health benefits.

However, in the highly adherent subcohort meeting the minimum 60-day food logging threshold, protein intake demonstrated a decreasing trend and showed a borderline statistical significance in the multivariable model (OR = 0.93, p = 0.0639).

Consistent with this biological property, the sensitivity analysis (n = 16) yielded reductions in IS of −34.3% (from 31.4 ± 8.2 to 20.6 ± 6.0 μmol/L, p < 0.001) and in PCS of −40.0% (from 22.7 ± 5.5 to 13.6 ± 4.5 μmol/L, p < 0.001), both remaining highly significant and quantitatively close to the primary analysis (IS: −38.0%; PCS: −43.0%).

Notably, the OKkio alla SALUTE survey also reported a decreasing trend, particularly in the prevalence of overweight, over the successive survey cycles, decreasing from 23.2% in 2008–2009 to 19.0% in the most recent wave.

Additionally, changes in LDL (−16.2 mg/dL [−34.3, 1.8], p = 0.075) and non-HDL cholesterol (−16.5 mg/dL [−34.4, 1.5], p = 0.069) approached significant differences between groups at week 6. 4.10.

However, because this was a proof-of-concept study and recommendations in sport science have supported interpretation of 90% confidence intervals (CI) equivalent to an alpha level of 0.10 [ 48 , 49 ], we also report outcomes with p -values between 0.05 and 0.10 as trends approaching significance.

Significant interaction effects were observed VANT ( p = 0.032), VO 2 at VANT ( p = 0.028), and submaximal glucose and fat oxidation ( p = 0.034) while time to reach peak VO 2 ( p = 0.083), absolute ( p = 0.075) and relative ( p = 0.057) peak VO 2 approached significance.

Adjusted p -values between 0.05 and 0.10 were interpreted as indicative of a statistical trend, particularly given the small sample size.

Although nominally significant, these findings require cautious interpretation because several FDR-adjusted p -values exceeded 0.5.

More strikingly, our conservative methodological sensitivity analysis (r = 0.5) successfully ‘de-noised’ the pooled data and unmasked a statistically significant increase in LDL-C among middle-aged and older adults as well, an adverse trend that was previously obscured.

The observed interaction effect was borderline significant ( p interaction = 0.048) and should be interpreted cautiously, as several subgroup estimates were based on sparse data and very small numbers of participants and depressive cases, resulting in limited precision and wide confidence intervals.

A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and p < 0.01 was considered highly significant.