A nominally significant smoking × recent caffeine interaction ( p = 0.007) was observed in non-white participants: recent caffeine intake lengthened RT among past ( p = 0.06) and current ( p = 0.02) smokers but not among never smokers ( p = 0.46) ( Supplementary Table S10 , p = 0.007 for interaction).
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While the KD and SD group displayed no significant effect of diet type on creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and uric acid in, the LCD group experienced a significant decrease in creatinine, an almost significant reduction in uric acid ( p = 0.008), and a significant increase in GFR.
almost significantlyp = 0.008
Bound urea nitrogen increased significantly in the LCD group, and almost significantly ( p = 0.008) in the KD group.
did not reach statistical significancep = 0.0089
Although a similar trend of elevated population of Ruminococcaceae in TWD-fed mice was also apparent, this response did not reach statistical significance until the terminal time point ( p = 0.0089).
showed a trendp = 0.009
Gum bleeding was more common in employed individuals (17.3%, p = 0.015) and showed a trend by financial status ( p = 0.009), with the highest prevalence among those with “bad” status (19.7%).
Interestingly, maternal BMI had a positive and highly significant correlation with child BMI z-scores (r = 0.31, p = 0.009) and with ‘food approach’ subscale FR (r = 0.15, p = 0.03), whereas there was no effect of paternal BMI on child BMI z-scores and children’s eating behaviours.
In men, n-3 α-linolenic acid, the essential fatty acid of the n-3 family, tended to be positively correlated with obesity (r = 0.18, p = 0.04, q = 0.24), while a negative trend was found for long-chain n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (r = −0.24, p = 0.009, q = 0.10).
Differences were deemed highly significant for p < 0.01, significant for p < 0.05, and indicative of a trend for 0.05 ≤ p < 0.1.
A highly significant difference is observed when negative control water (−0.17) is compared to positive control psyllium husk (1.40), with p < 0.01.
When distinguishing individual trans fatty acids (TFA) isomers, different correlations were found with BMI, depending on sex, with elaidic acid (r = −0.14, p = 0.02, q = 0.05) and linoleic acid (r = −0.15, p = 0.01, q = 0.03) showing significant inverse correlations in women, while trans-α-linolenic acid showed a positive trend in men (r = 0.22, p = 0.01, q = 0.10).
Figure 1 demonstrates a highly significant reduction, with p -value < 0.01, in the total score after the 30 days of treatment, with the mean value dropping from 238.66 ± 82.91 to 76.69 ± 65.35.
When we distinguished individual TFA isomers, we found differential correlations with BMI according to gender, with elaidic acid (r = −0.14, p = 0.02, q = 0.05), and trans linoleic acid (r = −0.15, p = 0.01, q = 0.03) showing significant inverse correlations in women, while trans isomers of α-linolenic acid showed a positive trend in men (r = 0.22, p = 0.01, q = 0.10).
The between-subjects effects of EPA status were significant for the second trial (T2) ( F (2,100) = 6.096, p = 0.003) and reached borderline significance for T3 ( F (2,100) = 4.825, p = 0.010) after Bonferroni correction of the significance level ( p < 0.01).
Since both main effects and their interaction appeared to be highly significant ( p < 0.01), the Tukey‒Kramer method was used for all subsequent pairwise comparisons of interest, with a significance level of α = 5%.
The low-dose and high-dose groups showed a significant decreasing trend compared with the model group ( p < 0.05), and the middle-dose group showed an extremely significant decreasing trend ( p < 0.01).
The expression of these genes was observed in adipocytes treated with succinic acid, and the mRNA levels of these genes showed a significant or extremely significant increase after succinic acid treatment, which is consistent with the sequencing results ( p < 0.01, p < 0.05; Figure S3 ).
In the C2C3 group, only products labeled for calories showed a significant trend change ( p < 0.01), which decreased with the intervention.
Studies falling within the red region represent highly significant results ( p < 0.01), those in blue reflect moderate significance ( p < 0.05), and those in green indicate marginal significance ( p < 0.1).
A similar trend was observed for both GCA and GUDCA; however, such relationships did not reach statistical significance ( p < 0.01).
One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the significance of differences, and a value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant; highly significant differences were indicated at p < 0.01.
Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated a highly significant positive correlation coefficient ( p < 0.01) between T-AOC and either MDA or SOD, as well as between MDA and SOD.
Statistically, significant results were signified as p < 0.05 and highly significant as p < 0.01 (compared with the blank control group: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01; compared with the model group: ▲ p < 0.05, ▲▲ p < 0.01). 3.
The former showed an increasing trend over time ( p = 0.01, ATS test for time effect), although similar in subjects who had an improvement in at least one MS factor and in those who didn’t have it ( p = 0.14, ATS test for group effect).
In addition, genera Prevotella , Sneathia , Dialister , Anaerococcus , Peptoniphilus , Fenollaria , Actinomyces , and Mobiluncus showed a highly significant positive correlation for the ASV index of alpha diversity only ( p < 0.01).
Conversely, Escherichia showed a highly significant negative correlation with SCFAs production ( p < 0.01) and a highly significant positive correlation with neutral sugars like Ara, Gal, and Glc ( p < 0.01).