Probiotic-Driven Competitive Exclusion in the Human Gut: A Meta-Analysis of Microbial Diversity and Pathogen Suppression.

Nutrients · 2026 · PMC12986517 · PMID 41829966

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hedged sentences

0.0100

closest p · 0.2× alpha

0.0100

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp < 0.01actually significant

marginal significancep < 0.1so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Studies falling within the red region represent highly significant results ( p < 0.01), those in blue reflect moderate significance ( p < 0.05), and those in green indicate marginal significance ( p < 0.1).

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a favorable trendno p-value reported

The forest plot ( Figure 3 ) displays a pooled effect estimate above 1, indicating a favorable trend toward probiotic benefit, although the lack of statistical significance and the limited number of studies warrant cautious interpretation. 3.3.

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