Excerpts

Additionally, the epidemic has demonstrated a clear trend of spreading from the north to the central and southern regions [ 11 ].

According to estimates from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), since 1999, the Latino population has experienced an increasing trend of total diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes compared to other racial and ethnic groups [ 4 ].

For smoking, there was a positive interaction between test year and ethnicity in women (p = 0.032), indicating a convergence in smoking prevalence rates between the two groups (Table 4 , Model 3b), whilst for men, the p value was (0.093), which may be suggestive of an overall trend.

In the UK and over the past two decades, the mean population values of total cholesterol and blood pressure have been decreasing, and the same has been true for the prevalence of current smoking; however, mean values of body mass index (BMI) manifest an increasing trend [ 3 ].

Similarly, the interaction between country and period (aOR = 1.31; 95% CI, 0.97–1.77; p = .077) did not reach statistical significance at the 0.05 level, although a marginal trend was observed.

A cohort study from Slovenia also reported a nonsignificant trend toward lower survival among patients with higher serum zinc levels [ 45 ].

There was an observed trend towards studies in the public health nutrition field disclosing greater detail around the role of retailers relative to studies in retail management, business and operations field.

For reasoning/planning (g = 0.070), only 2 studies incorporating relevant tasks (k = 6) were available, resulting in a wide confidence interval and a statistically non-significant effect despite a positive trend.

All items generated highly significant values, and accordingly, the analysis proceeded with descriptive statistics followed by appropriate non-parametric tests [ 37 ].

Regarding daily smartphone using time, although individuals with daily using time (< 0.5 h) presented better cognitive function compared to non-smartphone users (mean difference = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.61–0.86), it showed a trend of declining mean difference with increased using time.

Despite these considerations, the strong and highly significant associations observed between depression, anxiety, stress, and eating disorder risk are consistent with the broader literature, which identifies psychological distress as a central correlate of disordered eating behaviors through mechanisms such as emotional dysregulation and maladaptive coping.

Results Between 2004 and 2020, hepatitis B incidence in China exhibited a decreasing trend and significant seasonality, peaking in March.

The spatial distribution of hepatitis B incidence between 2004 and 2020 showed an increasing trend from east to west, consistent with the finding of previous study [ 26 ].

Across all models, physical exercise demonstrated a consistently negative and highly significant association with traditional gender concepts.

However, the reality is that the frequency of women’s engagement in physical exercise have shown an increasing trend over the past decade [ 16 ], which can be regarded as a manifestation of contemporary lifestyles.

Two vaccines showed statistical significance: BCG, whose annual variation was −1.2036 points (95%CI: −1.525, −0.883), indicating a decreasing trend, and presenting a coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of 0.7047, indicating that 70.47% of the variation in VC is explained by the temporal trend and YF, with a statistically significant trend, with an annual variation of + 1.3743 points (95%CI: 1.087, 1.662), pointing for an increasing trend, and presenting a coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of 0.7950, indicating that 79.5% of the variations that occurred are explained by the temporal trend (Table 1 ).

For cigarette smoking, the regression confirms a highly significant downward pre-intervention trend of − 0.49% points per year (95% CI: − 0.71, − 0.27) from 2007 up to 2018.

According to the results of the analysis of the non-linear beta regression model applied to Model 2, among the factors affecting adult PA rate, access to sports facilities (β = 0.17157, p = 0.0194) had a statistically significant and positive effect, while internet penetration rate (β=-0.12588, p = 0.0676) showed a marginally significant and negative effect.

Statistical significance was interpreted at a 5% type I margin of error and extended to 10% for marginal significance interpretation.

The intercept term ( p < 0.001) and the sensitivity parameter (φ = 84.2, p < 0.001) of the model were highly significant and the Pseudo R2 value of the model was 0.398, indicating that the model explained approximately 40% of the variance in the dependent variable (Table 3 ).

Changes in young children’s sleep problems following 10-minute isotemporal substitution of structured-unstructured activity behaviors The results of the isotemporal substitution models (Table 5 ) showed that when S‐MVPA replaced SB ( β =-0.207, 95%CI:-0.400 to -0.014, raw P = 0.036), S‐LPA ( β =-0.342, 95%CI:-0.660 to -0.023, raw P = 0.036), or US‐LPA ( β =-0.232, 95%CI: -0.416 to -0.048, raw P = 0.014) for 10 min, children’s sleep onset delay (SOD) showed a decreasing trend.

Although a numerical trend toward fewer ILI episodes was noted in the intranasal group, the study was not adequately powered to detect meaningful differences in comparative effectiveness.

This view is supported by an increasing trend of the modern contraception prevalence rate from 35% in 2016 to 38% in 2022, as demonstrated by the recent results of the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey of 2022.

Furthermore, the Cochran–Armitage trend test yielded a highly significant chi-square statistic ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\chi ^{2} = 21.032, p < 0.001$$\end{document} ), reinforcing the presence of a strong increasing temporal trend.

In recent years, there has been a strong trend in the social sciences to examine only direct, unidirectional effects between variables, which is limited in explaining the multi-layered and dynamic nature of social phenomena.