Excerpts

This information is quite significant, as it will aid strengthening primary prevention programs (public health policies) targeting obesity in specific populations groups, especially those groups of individuals with a family history of obesity and of Afro-Panamanian ethnic groups; additionally, tertiary prevention programs should be implemented for obese women who are 40–59 years of age living in urban areas and who have a family history of obesity [ 58 ].

Those not yet under treatment showed a trend of a consistently low global quality of life score in the 12-month follow-up; they started with the second best scores (81.3) and they ended the follow-up with the worst scores (80.4).

Analysis showed a weak trend of decreasing low back pain with moderate/high physical activity levels, but this association was not significant.

Gender stratification For both men and women there was an overall trend of reduced LBP with time when using baseline as reference.

Level of PA showed an increasing trend during follow-up, with lowest level of reported moderate/high PA at T5 (44 %) and highest at T17 (59 %).

Results Low back pain was significantly influenced by time and overall there was a decreasing trend of low back pain prevalence throughout the follow-up.

Another evidence from Norway showed a decreasing trend in hypertension as physical activity increased from low (50 %) to high (38 %) for those in the age group of 45 to 64 (significant at 1 %) and more than 65 years old (significant at 10 %) [ 17 ].

As anticipated, the GRS is a highly significant predictor of body weight measures in all models constructed from the SP sample.

However, a nonsignificant trend towards a protective benefit was identified on the highest percentiles of abdominal adiposity.

Additional analyses (data not shown) using each country as reference category in turn indicated that, across both categories of intervention strategies, Portuguese adolescents gave higher acceptance scores than Polish adolescents (although the difference for strategies promoting healthy eating was only marginally significant), and that Polish adolescents gave higher acceptance scores than Dutch and UK adolescents.

At the end of the hospitalization period, any beneficial effect of the supplementation was observed on body composition but after 9 weeks home supplementation, the change in body composition was highly significant from baseline (+11 % body mass).

The association was highly significant in both groups (Table 2 ).

This categorisation is conceptual (bullying concerns repeated acts), but it is supported by empirical research showing that there are large and highly significant differences between these groups on internalising problems (for victims) and externalising problems (for bullies) [ 47 ].

Correlates of school health improvement As indicated in Table 3 , school size had small positive correlations with most health improvement activities indicating a trend toward more health improvement activity in larger schools, though in no cases was this significant, approaching significance only for coverage of healthy food policy and promotion of active travel.

Although similar associations were apparent for diet they just failed to reach significance (Table 3 ).

Data generated through this survey will not only provide a valuable snapshot of the HIV epidemic in MSM but will also offer an important trend analysis of the epidemiology of HIV and other STIs over time across Europe.

One surprising result was that women in urban areas were slightly less likely to use family planning, but this was only marginally significant.

Several studies in developed countries have shown an increasing trend in the prevalence of hypertension [ 6 , 7 ], while many studies also indicated an increasing trend in hypertension prevalence in China [ 8 – 11 ].

When these single predictors were included into the same model, only sedentary time per day remained statistically significantly associated and number of steps per day remained nearly significant.

A marginally statistically significant association was found for the mothers of the public school children who did not have prenatal care, suggesting that this variable represents a certain risk for the development of anemia ( p = 0.09) (Table 2 ).

Women’s sexual empowerment had marginal significance and does not appear to protect women in union from the risk of contracting STIs, controlling for sexual behaviour, experience of sexual violence, partner control behaviour, and background factors considered in the model.

The addition of income in model 2 resulted in negligible changes in ORs for age and cycle for both behavioural risk factors, but it did increase credible intervals for the excess bodyweight results, yielding borderline non-significant results.

According to the regression model, there was an almost significant negative interaction between FTND score and machine-measured nicotine yield (Table 2 , lower).

Other variables considering dog exposure (dog in the house, own a dog, feed a dog) were not predictive, suggesting that recreational dog exposure alone may be significant by chance.

However, since the ANOVA result approached significance, exploratory post-hoc Tukey test procedures were conducted.