Excerpts

Because the lower bound is exactly zero, this finding should be interpreted as borderline significant and weighed against the modest effect size.

Besides the conventional significance level of p < 0.05, we also reported marginally significant results when p < 0.1. 3.

While the EPA levels were notably higher in recreational runners, a significant increase was not observed in trained runners (though a positive trend was evident).

This structural restoration was accompanied by a highly significant reduction in serum LPS levels and a restorative trend in the mRNA expression of intestinal tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-1, and Occludin).

Statistical significance level was set at bilateral 5% ( p < 0.05), while p < 0.1 was considered indicative of a trend toward significance. 2.2.2.

For serum Hcy, a significant decrease in PS risk was observed in the moderate-normal (9.1–12 μmol/L), high-normal (12.1–15 μmol/L), and elevated (>15 μmol/L) categories among men, while a borderline significant reduction was noted in the high-normal category among women.

A p -value less than 0.05 signified a significant difference, a p -value less than 0.01 denoted an extremely significant difference, and a p -value less than 0.001 indicated an extremely high-level significant difference.

Authoritative parenting showed a marginal trend toward a lower episode rate, though this did not reach statistical significance (RR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.80–1.01, p = 0.065).

The results demonstrated a significant increase in p21 fluorescence intensity in the D-gal group but a decreasing trend in the PCP group, which is consistent with the in vitro results ( Figure 9 E,F). 4.

In contrast, the HI group showed a trend toward reduced villus height, which may be related to phytase-induced changes in the intestinal environment.

Other physical performance also showed a decreasing trend before the match.

Although nominally significant in unadjusted analyses, the observed between-group difference of approximately 5–7 ng/mL was modest, and median values in both groups remained close to commonly accepted thresholds for vitamin D sufficiency.

In addition to gastrointestinal manifestations such as nausea, gas, and altered bowel movements (including constipation and diarrhea), the suspected NCGS group frequently presented with highly significant extraintestinal symptoms, including fatigability, low energy, and sleep disturbances.

Composite-score analyses were directionally consistent with the main findings: the unhealthy-food score showed a positive trend with BMI and overweight/obesity, and meal regularity was inversely associated with both outcomes.

The test for linear trend was highly significant ( P -trend < 0.001), indicating that each step up in compulsive-eating frequency was associated with an approximately 1.15 kg/m 2 increment in BMI.

While these mechanisms may contribute to the improvement of clinical outcomes, the modest and only partially significant changes observed in this study warrant cautious interpretation and require confirmation in larger cohorts.

Although a decreasing trend was observed in the TNF-α levels for both the a-FMT and EXE-KGM groups, no statistically significant differences were found in either TNF-α ( Figure 4 a) or IL-17A ( Figure 4 b) among the groups.

In children diagnosed as hyperkinetic, caffeine produced a clear, dose-related attenuation of the N140-P200 evoked response amplitude, most reliably at occipital sites: as caffeine dose increased (placebo → ~3 mg/kg → ~6 mg/kg), the evoked response became smaller, with particularly strong reductions at O2 (highly significant) and a weaker but still significant reduction at O1, alongside a more limited right-parietal effect at P4 [ 48 ].

Finally, given the relatively small number of transitional milk samples, findings in this subgroup, especially those with marginal significance, should be regarded as preliminary and warrant replication in larger cohorts.

In contrast, RD, 1-kestose, and FOP showed a trend toward a lower glucose response but did not significantly differ from the RM control.

In contrast, the DP-M+FU combination showed a trend effect by restoring naïve T cells to 11.72 ± 3.77% and elevating Tcm cells to 8.42 ± 1.52%.

Compared with Q1, the adjusted ORs were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.67–1.12) for Q2, 0.74 (95% CI: 0.56–0.97) for Q3, and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.46–0.82) for Q4, with a significant trend across quartiles ( p for trend < 0.001).

NEC incidence was highest in the control (60%), IV arginine (64%), and oral citrulline (62.5%) groups, while donor human milk showed a trend toward lower NEC incidence [ 40 ].

Crucially, the VLCD intervention was associated with a highly significant within-group reduction in parameters of permanent chromosomal damage, effectively halving the frequencies of micronuclei and nuclear buds, independent of baseline variations, in adjusted multivariate regression models.

When stratified by sex, this difference showed a tendency towards significance in men ( p adj. = 0.075), but not in women ( p adj. = 0.729).