Excerpts

The plot shows an expected trend that can be described by a linear regression with an average slope of Λ t = d [log( d max 2 )]/ dt rg =28.5, as illustrated.

In contrast to disease traits, the mapping results for the morphological phenotypes of fur length and body size reveal highly significant associations that are consistent with earlier studies 3 11 13 16 19 .

2 ), subsequently up to 700 μC cm −2 it showed a decreasing trend to a less positive value, consistent with increasing defect density.

Neutrophil extravasation and TRITC–dextran leakage in WT mice were not correlated in individual mice, although there was an overall association between extravasation and permeability, whereas the two processes in Rho-inhibited animals showed a highly significant correlation ( Fig. 1f ).

Overall, we only observed a marginally significant overlap between our cerebellar aging gene set and those related to cognitive decline and dementia in the HRS.

Timescales of Ekman response On interannual timescales, a positive SAM is associated with cool high-latitude SST 24 25 26 , whereas over longer periods a positive trend in the SAM has been linked to high-latitude SST warming 21 22 23 .

The highly significant P values are because of the fact that SNP-3.16732086 directly interrogates the functional polymorphism in exon 2 of GS3 , while the second and third MS-SNPs map 11.3 kb (SNP 3.16718013) and 16.8 kb (SNP 3.16712500) upstream of the transcriptional start site of GS3 , and explain 6% and 5.8% of the phenotypic variation, respectively ( Supplementary Data 3 ).

In general, phenotypic and genotypic correlations among panicle traits mirrored one another and were highly significant ( Fig. 2 ); the median Pearson's correlation coefficient between pairwise phenotypes was r= 0.4.

In comparison, VAMP7 −/− mice showed a systematic and highly significant preference for colder temperatures, as evidenced by values for both T peak and the median occupied temperature ( T median ) that were on average 3–4 °C lower than for WT ( Fig. 8d,e ).

Spinal pretreatment with the permeable mGluR5 antagonist fenobam (1–100 nmol) produced a highly significant, dose-dependent reduction of glutamate-induced pain behaviours in SNI rats, whereas pretreatment with the impermeable antagonist LY393053 (1–1,000 nmol; Fig. 5a,b ) was less effective.

The activation energy, calculated by fitting the linearized Arrhenius equation (3) to the data, shows a clear trend with respect to the film strain, that is, it decreases with increasing tensile strain ( Fig. 5c ).

Of the inversions with data before 2001, only one (JMA) show a significant trend in the land sink for South Asia and this may be due to the low growth rate in its FFC fluxes ( Supplementary Fig. 2 ).

Second, there was a highly significant association between ompA genotype and anatomical site of isolation (see Methods for details), with trachoma cases in the Mother–Child study exclusively displaying classical trachoma ompA serotypes.

The mean number of F-km per outbreak and the variance of F-km per outbreak show marginally significant trends over the recent period 1977–2014 ( Supplementary Fig. 4a–c ).

Interestingly, in both CuMoO 4 and BiFeO 3 the absorption is stronger when the transition metal cation is in an octahedral oxygen environment, which suggests a possible trend, and strategies for engineering piezochromic effects in other perovskites.

In the case of neuroblastoma, ZNF423 displayed a clear trend of progressively decreased expression with more advanced tumour stages and lower expression was associated with worst prognosis.

Specifically, although AstroEGFR*1, which reached overexpression levels comparable to those in AstroEGFR*2, showed a trend of extended survival that did not reach statistical significance, AstroEGFR*3, despite much stronger Zfp423 overexpression, displayed a shorter survival.

In both cases, the effects of ESPNL on filopodia number and length were highly significant ( Supplementary Table 1 ).

The genotype and phenotype associations were highly significant in the higher education stratum (main genetic effects, 1.97 × 10 −10 ≤ P main ≤8.16 × 10 −8 ) but were considerably weaker in the lower education stratum (0.008≤ P main ≤0.243).

Two SNP × education interactions were nominally significant ( Supplementary Table 6 ): TJP2 in Europeans (rs11145488, P int =6.91 × 10 −3 ) and SHISA6-DNAH9 in Asians (rs2969180, P int =4.02 × 10 −3 ).

As a population at carrying capacity can be considered to have gone through a critical transition when the realized non-linear growth rate of a population falls below one (and thus the ability of a system to respond to perturbations diminishes) 11 , in the above scenario a negative trend in the mean body size of a population (and consequently in growth rates) could be used as an alternative measure of whether a system is approaching a bifurcation.

Rather, we argue that one would expect a consistently declining trend before collapse in the mean body size, and, potentially, an increasing trend in the variance of body size.

For platelet-lineage gene expression, we observed a highly significant, age-dependent increase in the frequency of expression, not only in Vwf + HSCs but also in Vwf − HSCs ( Fig. 2c,e ; Supplementary Fig. 3b ), with the majority of platelet-lineage genes being more highly expressed in Vwf + and Vwf − -aged HSCs ( Supplementary Fig. 5 ).

However, despite this variability, our hypothesis is testable because it concerns an overall trend in behaviour.

In the Osx-P3 PPR-deficient Tomato + cells, mRNA expression of the bone/cementum matrix protein, osteopontin ( Opn ), showed a trend toward upregulation compared to Osx-P3 PPR WT cells, although this result was not statistically significant ( Fig. 7j , Mann–Whitney's U -test).