Barely Significant

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Integration of previous results Preliminary univariate analyses (using t-values, p -values, and R 2 ) indicated differences in the expected direction—for example, higher scores in social anxiety/shyness and social retraction for the NAP group—but these effects showed marginal significance and limited explained variance ( R 2 between 0.022 and 0.044).
It is worth noting that, like in Study 1, the (non-significant) relationship between students' generational status and ASC showed a positive trend, suggesting that these students could experience positive self-perceptions based on the fact that, compared to their parents, they had activated the social elevator and were involved in social mobility processes.
4.4 Influence of extracurricular sports participation Regarding extracurricular sports practice, the results revealed a clear trend: students who participated in extracurricular sports were more frequently found in the high self-determination motivational profile, while those who did not participate were overrepresented in the low self-determination profile.
However, in this study, no open-ended responses explicitly used terms such as “spiritual” or “religious.” Therefore, it is predicted that even if Japanese travelers experience substantial spiritual changes through TTE, they may not recognize these changes as “spiritual.” This tendency suggests that while the transformative effects of TTE may be significant, their interpretation within the Japanese cultural context does not necessarily align with conventional Western conceptions of spirituality. 6.4.