Excerpts

First, the highly significant positive relationship between AI literacy and critical evaluation of AI (β = 0.893, f 2 = 3.916) builds upon the digital literacy literature by proving how AI literacy can impact evaluative actions performed toward specific outputs created by the use of the generative, probabilistic LLMs -a uniquely different challenge which cannot be fully covered by generic digital literacy approaches ( Oates and Johnson, 2025 ).

Co-bathing showed a marginal effect ( β = 0.60, p = 0.06), indicating a trend toward significance but not reaching conventional thresholds.

Pairwise comparisons, using one-tailed tests given the directional predictions, yielded two nominally significant results.

For L2 readers, the effect of sentence well-formedness did not reach conventional levels of statistical significance [ Kruskal–Wallis χ 2 (1) = 3.63, p = 0.057], indicating only a marginal trend toward reduced accuracy for violated sentences.

Consequently, AI-driven games demonstrate a positive trend in application and implementation for autistic children, leveraging advanced technological frameworks to deepen practical applications and expand existing theoretical research.

Currently, the widespread integration of AI technology into EFL teaching has become a significant trend in the field of language education.

3.2.4 Summary of narrative findings Across the three comparator categories, combined treatment (rTMS + CBT/iCBT/MBCT) generally showed a trend toward better outcomes than each single-treatment approach.

The non-significant direct effect, coupled with the highly significant total indirect effect (Estimate = 0.990, 95% CI [0.944, 1.035]), empirically confirms a state of full mediation.

Prevalence of psychological distress The observed prevalence of depressive symptoms (33.51%) and anxiety symptoms (10.07%) reflects a worrying trend among healthcare-related students.

In that study, the amplitude of the ERAN was slightly smaller when elicited during the presentation of phrase-structure violations occurring in sentences (compared to when elicited during correct sentences); this effect was, however, only marginally significant.

These experiments were sensitive enough to yield a highly significant repetition effect in Experiment 2.

Describing marginally significant effects also puts you in the awkward position of describing a threshold for marginal significance – will it be 0.06, 0.07, 0.08?

In addition, “marginally significant effects” do not exist: the false positive error rate must be decided before the experiment is run and cannot be re-adjusted after looking at the data; because p values are not accurate, even if you use robust statistics, in practice it might be impossible to dissociate, e.g., p = 0.04 from p = 0.06.

Large changes or differences in instructional experience may be needed to produce practically significant violations of assumptions, and the effects may be very specific and limited to few items of a test (Linn, 1990 ).

In spite of this, her scores showed a trend of improvement on two out of three of her highest scoring schemas.

The group scores of the shame scale showed a positive trend, though not statistically significant.

Discussion The results from this experiment showed that similar to what was previously found with the existing subtitle-based frequency norms, the SUBTLEX-GR frequency estimates were found to successfully account for the reading performance of the participants, showing a highly significant main effect.

The P600 effect was marginally significant in Training 2 for this condition.

Thus, the Pearson correlations for the accuracy scores turned out to be marginally significant.

An ANOVA on response times did only indicate faster response times for valid compared to invalid trials and the interaction with stimulation was only marginally significant.

Indeed, ANOVA on the second slope measure yielded an only marginally significant interaction between age and congruency; we cannot be sure whether this lack of statistical significance is due to floor effects or to a true absence of interaction.

( 2004 ) and showed highly significant priming effects for derived and pseudo derived words, which, importantly, were statistically indistinguishable from each other as in the original study.

Yet, it should be noted that respective RT effects were more pronounced for positive than for negative words and that RT differences between negative and neutral Spanish words were only marginally significant in the L2 data.

We observed a strong trend of an effect of script in the within-language Stroop facilitation of the UCE trilinguals, such that Stroop facilitation was stronger in English than Chinese and Uyghur (36 vs. 26 vs. 9 ms).

Over the later latency window selected to capture the late negative displacement of oddball DEVs, late DIFF AW2 (an analysis breaking down this long interval to two smaller intervals (100–130 and 130–160 ms) produced similar results), stimulus duration, and the interaction of stimulus duration × type either approached significance or were significant for both contrasts [oddball DEV vs.