Excerpts

For 3 cancer types, the incidence initially increased, but from a certain point in time, either the incidence rates became too scattered and a significant trend could not be observed, or the incidence rates decreased significantly.

(II) The standardised incidence trend has stabilised in the more recent years after a slightly increasing trend between 2004 and 2015, with variations depending on cancer types as well as on sex and age.

A significant trend towards survival benefit emerged based on Ki67 values above or below 15%, in line with the literature.

More recently, a 2022 literature review showed a trend towards improved psychological outcomes following psychological prehabilitation, particularly when psychologist-led [ 65 ].

Additionally, the evaluation of gene expression may be significant in predicting responses to traditional anticancer treatments and determining patient prognosis.

Accordingly, we noted a nonsignificant trend towards RT compared to ADT in the salvage pN+ cohort.

For example, the increased Humbug expression in CDS11 cells may be significant in relation to its Ca2+ binding effects in the ER [ 85 ].

TIMP1 overexpression significantly increased ALDH1, CD44, and NANOG expression in Ovcar5 cells, while in Ovcar8 cells, it significantly enhanced NANOG and CD44 expression and showed a trend toward increased ALDH1 expression, although not reaching statistical significance ( Figure 8 A,B).

Statistical significance was determined using Student’s t -test for normally distributed variables and the Mann–Whitney U test for non-normally distributed data, with all reported p -values being <0.01, indicating highly significant differences.

[ 64 ] did not observe statistically significant differences although a trend toward significance for improved ASBQ scores for patients treated exclusively with endoscopic surgery was noted [ 64 ].

Moreover, SSIs were lower in patients treated with ci-NPWT systems after gynecologic cancer surgery compared to patients treated with conventional gauze; this difference almost reached statistical significance.

The highest incidence rates for men were observed in Iceland (AAPC 8.85), Cyprus (5.51), and France (4.30), while Costa Rica was the only country with a decreasing trend (−4.15).

Among women, 14 countries showed an increasing trend in PC mortality (AAPCs ranging from 5.83 to 0.78), with the sharpest rises in Malta (AAPC: 3.06), Slovakia (AAPC: 2.97), and Lithuania (AAPC: 2.06) in Europe, and in the Philippines (AAPC: 5.83), Thailand (AAPC: 4.39), and Japan (AAPC: 1.41) in other regions [ 25 ] ( Figure 2 ).

The data extracted from 91 peer-reviewed articles reveal a clear trend: IHC has become indispensable in the accurate identification and subclassification of SCC, particularly in cases with ambiguous histology or poorly differentiated features. 4.1.

Similarly, the CPS-based stratification showed a significant trend, with the highest pCR rates observed in the high-CPS group, followed by the medium- and low-CPS groups (χ 2 for trend, p = 0.011).

The fact that the SMD’s odds ratio and statistical significance for a pCR were similar to those of the CPS, along with a clear trend when categorized into tertiles, suggests that SMD may serve as a predictive marker for pCR from a host factor perspective.

Charlson–Deyo comorbidity score groups of one (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.07–1.41), two (HR 2.36, 95% CI 1.93–2.88) and three or more (HR 3.72, 95% CI 3.11–4.45) were associated with worse OS rates compared to the score 0 group, demonstrating a clear trend of decreasing survival as the comorbidity burden increased.

In the CheckMate 238 trial, the efficacy of nivolumab was statistically significant for patients < 65 years (HR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.58–0.89), while in the older group of patients (25.8% of all included patients with age ≥ 65 years), the efficacy was not clearly significant (HR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.51–1.00).

This corresponded to reduced lymphatic density ( Figure 9 C) and a highly significant decrease of 85.8% in node metastatic burden ( Figure 9 D).

The duration of perioperative chemotherapy showed a trend toward improved survival outcomes, though not statistically significant (6 months vs. <6 months: DFS, 19.4 vs. 16.2 months, p = 0.1448; OS, 49.6 vs. 30.4 months, p = 0.0623).

Prognostic Factors for Overall Survival In the univariate Cox model for 5-year overall survival ( Table 5 ), the Sarculator OS score (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95–0.99, p < 0.001) and P-POSSUM mortality score (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.08–1.23, p < 0.001) were significant predictors, while complications (HR 2.53, p = 0.08) showed a trend toward significance.

Overall survival in the entire cohort showed a trend favoring patients with tumor fibrosis > 40% (median survival = 51 months, 95% CI: 20.90–81.09) compared to those with fibrosis < 40% (median survival = 30 months, 95% CI: 22.83–37.16); log-rank test p = 0.036.

Primary tumor location did not reach statistical significance in the multivariate model (OR = 4.607 for left-sided tumors, 95% CI: 0.854–24.855; p = 0.076), but it was retained due to potential clinical relevance, small sample size, and a p -value approaching significance.

Patients with intermediate BAG3 scores (score 1 and score 2) had mean disease-free survival times of 23.8 and 23.2 months, respectively—both shorter than BAG3-negative patients—implying a possible trend which needs further investigation. 4.

A nearly significant value was reported comparing the median duration of HHI treatment between locally advanced BCC patients who experienced tumor relapse (15 months [range: 7–20 months]) versus locally advanced BCC patients who did not recur (18 months [range: 1–37 months], p : 0.06).