Excerpts

Questions remain about whether this benefit could also be observed in Hong Kong, where adult smoking prevalence was among the lowest globally (9.9% in 2023), yet secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home remains disproportionally high among adolescents at 29.8% [ 32 ] and has shown an increasing trend in recent years [ 33 ].

In China, the prevalence of childhood asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in 2005 was estimated to be 3.3%, 9.8% and 5.5%, respectively, and there is an increasing trend onwards [ 5 , 6 ].

Hometown demonstrated marginal significance.

Although our findings may not represent the entire Korean population, they still suggest an increasing trend in the prevalence of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in South Korea.

The data indicates a clear trend where survival rates decrease with age, highlighting the vulnerability of older patients to TB-related complications.

Notably, WW showed a trend toward superior risk reduction for neurological diseases compared to RA.

While a nominally significant age-by-PrEP interaction was detected, bootstrap validation indicated limited robustness, and no overall association was found between PrEP exposure and pregnancy risk.

Notably, among individuals with insufficient sleep duration, those maintaining regular sleep timing showed a trend toward lower T2D risk, although this association did not reach statistical significance.

A clear trend is observed across the quartiles for several variables.

After further controlling for potential confounders, a positive trend between extended duration of high TyG exposure and increased risk of incident hypertension was found; the corresponding risks were 1.14 (95% CI: 1.07 to 1.21), 1.30 (95% CI: 1.21 to 1.39) and 1.36 (95% CI: 1.26 to 1.47), respectively, for 2-year, 4-year and 6-year exposure period, compared to the unexposed group.

One study showed a trend toward reduced T2DM incidence postpartum in women with prior gestational diabetes, though results were not statistically significant [ 28 ].

However, the ASRs for these metrics exhibited a decreasing trend, indicating that while the absolute number of cases is rising, the rate at which they occur is declining.

Temporal trend from 1990 to 2021 From 1990 to 2021, the number of cases for epilepsy attributable to alcohol use in adults over 40 years old showed an increasing trend.

While we did not apply formal correction for multiple comparisons given the limited number of pre-specified subgroup analyses, we acknowledge the potential for type I error inflation and recommend cautious interpretation of marginally significant findings.

Additionally, we observed a significant trend of difference between the two groups in the theta (θ) frequency band.

Uncorrected p-values < 0.05 (nominally significant findings) were reported as showing a trend toward significance.

As can be seen from Table 2 , variables with practically significant (>0.5) varimax loadings [ 16 ] were used to establish logical units (WE and GWA).

The incidence of local reactogenicities exhibited a decreasing trend from the first to the seventh day after vaccination (Fig. 6 ).

If Paths a and b are significant, it implicitly suggests that Path c is also likely to be significant, even if it is not directly measured [ 25 ].

The AAPC was calculated as a weighted average of APCs across the entire study period to provide an overall trend estimate.

The proportions of bisexual MSM, active MSM, and active MSM in bisexuality generally showed a decreasing trend over time but remained above 20% across the 14-year study period.

In 2021, both the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates and its AAPCs showed a decreasing trend as SDI increased (Fig. 3 , Fig.S5).

The observed improvement in childhood survival rates among more recent birth cohorts with DS is an encouraging trend, reflecting advancements in medical care, early interventions, and improved social support for individuals with the condition.

Results for full vaccination The results presented in Tables 1 and 3 show that education level exhibited a notable trend: mothers with higher education were more likely to have fully vaccinated children (37% vs. 28% in the unvaccinated group).

Snack frequency was the only significant moderator ( p = 0.048); however, its borderline significance suggests the effect may be limited.