Excerpts

In addition, using butter on bread was significantly associated with cholesterol in Pitkäranta when adjusting for sex, age and study year (Table 2 , Model 2); however, it fell slightly short of significance in the two other models.

For example, whereas a tendency towards the stabilization of the obesity epidemic has been noted between 1999 and 2010 in the pediatric population of Australia, Europe and Russia, a decreasing trend in childhood and adolescent obesity was reported from Japan [ 5 ].

Also observed was that the use of knowledge brokers along with access to the online registry of pre-processed research evidence showed a trend towards a positive effect when organizational research culture was perceived at baseline as low.

We detected a clear trend where partners had similar levels of education, which is consistent with the findings of other recent studies [ 3 , 10 ].

Among obese women, however, again no significant differences were found except that those with a high educational level had marginally significant higher odds of dissatisfaction than those with the lowest level of education.

There was a near-significant interaction between SES and group for rating of physical activity importance, with adverse effects of the intervention only being seen for the higher SES families, and virtually no group differences in the lower SES families.

As in many other countries, the attractive and colorful packaging of these foods, despite their poor nutritional values, is one factor inducing change in Iranian children’s food choices [ 28 ], a change reflected in an increasing trend toward fast foods and high calorie snacks.

An increasing trend was also observed in the average number of pageviews per visit especially during the latter half of the assessment period.

While there is a clear trend to try to understand the complexity of and dynamic relationships between elements of health systems, there is also a demand to provide frameworks that distinguish between health system interventions, and that allow mapping with a view of analysing their returns.

This heralds a worrying trend in Malaysia since at present more than a quarter of its population is aged 15 and below [ 35 ].

Clients with > grade 12 are more than 74% less likely to be unimproved sanitation status as compared to illiterate clients (OR = 0.26 95% CI: 0.07, 0.94) (Table 2 ). A study in Bangladesh also investigated that educational status is highly significant to the presence of sanitation facilities i.e. household [ 30 ].

Interaction terms of cardiovascular risk factors and ethnicity were approaching significance only in the association of obesity with the K10 in women.

Participants with a high school education or greater were more likely to hold this belief and, while only marginally significant, we observed several other effects of higher levels of education on beliefs targeted by the text4baby messages, as noted above.

Subgroup analysis stratified by sex showed a borderline non-significant differential impact of the intervention on wheeze (p for interaction 0.12).

Across age groups, there was a decreasing trend with age in overweight and obesity but this trend was only significant for overweight (p<0.001).

There was an increasing trend in overweight and obesity from poorest to richest families and the trend was significant for overweight (p<0.001).

There was a clear trend showing that the greater the types of services an individual received, the more likely they were to have undergone HIV antibody testing.

The validity of our indicator for diabetes is further supported by the fact that associations of known diabetes to sociodemographic variables and major established risk factors of diabetes were all highly significant and in the expected directions (Table 1 ).

As there is an increasing trend in both obesity and atopic disease in China [ 1 , 9 ], further understanding the underlying mechanism is important for planning intervention strategies for both obesity and atopic disorders.

Other polls also indicate a difference in the way Canadians and Americans perceive climate change as a public health threat [ 10 - 12 ], indicating that there may be significant differences in how people in different countries perceive these issues [ 6 ].

In a recent systematic review about interventions to prevent obesity among children aged 0–5 years, seven of twenty-five studies had included younger than 2 years of age, but just two had reported anthropometric measurements, one of them finding a positive trend towards overweight prevention [ 41 ].

Previous studies have shown that there is an increasing trend in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes globally; specifically, prevalence increased by 28.3% among men and 25.9% among women in Sweden from 1972 to 2001 [ 21 ], 48% in America from 1990 to 1998 [ 22 ], 47% in England from 1994 to 2001 [ 23 ], 69% in Canada from 1995 to 2005 [ 24 ], and 38% among men and 25% among women in Taiwan from 1999 to 2004 [ 11 ].

This does not seem to apply to our results as the gender difference was apparent despite exclusion of shorter absence periods.

cities and evidence points to an increasing trend for college students.

Income as such was not directly associated with anticipated acceptance, and also the effect of living in a larger household, where resources might be diluted, was only marginally significant.