Excerpts

Parental praise and parental co-participation were also both associated with adolescents’ MVPA on weekend days, although the association only approached significance.

The Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test for linear trend (χ 2 trend ) was used to assess whether the proportion of participants who spent over 10% of income as OOPE showed a trend in relation to their level of household income.

A small difference in model fit is therefore quite significant in terms of the small number of children who were injured away from their area of residence.

A greater time period may be required to observe a clear trend in prevalence rates, especially when comparing studies with different sample sizes, age ranges and using varying methods.

The site-specific analysis showed a statistically significantly elevated SIR for liver cancer (SIR = 2.71, 95% CI 1.65, 4.18) and pancreatic cancer (SIR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.11, 2.96) and borderline significance for kidney cancer (SIR = 1.65, 95% CI 0.99, 2.57).

However, when we repeated the analyses adjusting for other potential confounding variables, the association remained only marginally significant ( P for trend = 0.064) (Table 3 ).

A study conducted in southern Brazil [ 42 ] reported a negative trend between age and overweight and obesity, which is possibly explained by the result of increased physical activity throughout the years, but no confirmatory studies have been published so far.

The indicator of visible fecal matter left in the latrine also showed a trend of decline similar to that of unpleasant odor.

A decreasing trend in infant mortality, low birth weight rate, and under five mortality rate were observed with an increase in redistributive policies.

Background Previous studies have characterized an increasing trend of double burden households, or households with individuals experiencing both undernutrition and obesity, in countries undergoing a nutrition transition.

While prevalence for childhood stunting and underweight are high in all of the countries surveyed (between 30-40% for stunting and 20-30% for underweight for many of the countries), a clear trend in the association between childhood undernutrition and maternal obesity or overweight does not emerge.

Background There has been an increasing trend in the incidence of stroke worldwide in recent years, and the number of studies focusing on the risk factors for stroke has also increased every year.

In contrast, the PGLEs of chronic diseases increased from 8.70 years in 1950, to 14.07 years in 2010, and have exhibited an increasing trend because lifestyle changes have led to rising morbidity and mortality rates of chronic diseases.

There is a notable trend in the prevalence of smoking among women with respect to age: although the female smoking rate in Japan is relatively low compared with Western countries, the rate among young women is increasing [ 3 ].

In the present analysis, we compared the pooled ORs before and after combined adjustment for confounders, and observed a decreasing trend after the adjustment for potential confounders.

The prevalence of T2D clearly increased with increasing deprivation for both men and women, and the Cochran–Armitage test for trend indicated that this increase was highly significant.

There was an increasing trend of objective sedentary time with older age, higher proportion of men, being married, higher education level, increased level of total and occupational sedentary time and MVPA measured by self-report, and decreased levels of MVPA measured by accelerometry.

Total subjective sedentary time showed a significant trend with greater saturated fat consumption, longer leisure time and occupational sedentary time, and less objective MVPA.

Discussion We demonstrated a statistically significant effect of PM 2.5 on a reduction in HRV measured by HF, pNN10, and pNN20, and in SDNN and rMSSD that showed a marginally significant effect.

Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated an increasing trend of factor scores for Meat and Grain pattern with age.

Within AA, there was a negative trend between vitamin D levels and the number of reported asthma severity indicators.

Our model of sex, school grade level and overall SBMU (<2 hours, > 2 hours) supported our hypothesis that SBMU would be higher among older participants: with the exception of Grade 3 there was an overall trend for increasing SBMU across both boys and girls as they got older (up to 16 years).

Suspected pneumonia cases in children under five years of age showed an increasing trend in UER, reaching roughly 5,000 in the year 2013.

The campaign was associated with a marginally significant increase in the likelihood of purchasing foods promoted as healthy in intervention restaurants.

Previous studies have reported an increasing trend with age or a decrease after age 65 years [ 3 , 30 ].