Excerpts

China has been experiencing an increasing trend in overweight and obesity among children aged 5–19 years, with the prevalence having arrived at 37.0% in 2020 [ 1 ].

Our data, showing a highly significant negative association between s-leptin levels at 5 mo and weight gain from 5 to 9 mo, could be a result of decreased leptin resistance when other foods were introduced, with s-leptin then having an anorexigenic effect.

[ 30 ], the mean difference, limit of agreement (LoA), as well as Bland-Altman index were calculated, after a log transformation applied due to non-parametric distribution, as commonly applied [ 34 ], while a Bland-Altman index of 5% was interpreted as a positive validation [ 35 ] and a Bland-Altman index of 10% was interpreted as a borderline significant [ 36 ], which was assumed a priori [ 37 ], (2) analysis of cross-classification in quartiles: the share of correctly classified and grossly misclassified (classified to the opposite quartiles) individuals were indicated, while at least 50% of correctly classified and, at the same time, less than 10% of grossly misclassified individuals was interpreted as a positive validation [ 38 ]; (3) analysis of the weighted κ statistic: as a method recommended by Cade et al.

p -trend was considered significant when <0.05 and considered marginally significant when <0.10. 3.

A significant inverse relationship of 25(OH)D was observed with carotid IMT, Young’s elastic modulus, and β-stiffness, and a highly significant direct correlation was found with a carotid coefficient of distensibility ( Table 3 ; Figure 3 ).

It should be treated as a positive trend because of the association of poultry consumption with the risk reduction of developing overweight and obesity, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes [ 25 ].

However, HOMA-IR did not show significant differences, although an increasing trend was observed in both HFF and HFG groups.

These results suggest that PS23 supplementation may contribute to an overall trend of improvement in muscle health, though these changes did not achieve statistical significance in terms of muscle mass.

Accordingly, when analyzing the food group consumption, the control group presents a statistical trend of consuming more animal protein, while the AMA women consume more vegetable protein, with the potential nutritional consequences that this may have.

In addition, 23 subjects showed a decreasing trend in the IL-6 level, accounting for 76.67% of the total participants.

This observation is supported by the highly significant difference in the variance of the two groups ( Table 3 ).

A two-sided p value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate a significant difference, while a two-sided p value of less than 0.10 was defined as marginally significant due to the limited sample size. 3.

Our longitudinal analyses showed that a higher frequency of SAMF consumption at baseline predicted a higher increase of all anthropometric indexes over the two-years follow up in all children groups with the exception of older girls, in which only a positive trend for waist circumference was observed.

Physical pain not only shows a moderate negative correlation with tissue hydration (−0.54) ( Figure 4 ), but also exhibits a positive trend with role limitations due to physical health (0.56) ( Figure 5 ).

In one of our own cross-sectional studies [ 64 ], we reported a nominally significant gene–diet interaction between EPA in erythrocytes, CE and TG, and dietary intake of EPA in 962 men who were participating in the METSIM study ( Table 2 B).

Another meta-analysis suggested that only regimens containing over 60% EPA had a highly significant effect in the treatment of depression [ 55 ].

Marginally significant differences were observed for marital status and history of diabetes. 3.2.

Moreover, the HR showed a decreasing trend with level of intake of both EPA ( p for trend = 0.009) and DHA ( p for trend = 0.032).

No significant associations were observed with n -6 PUFA levels, but the n -6: n -3 ratio showed a significant trend of association with the onset of depressive symptoms.

The findings of these studies were found to be partially significant and not dose-dependent.

Surprisingly, despite the significantly decreased VEGF level observed in obese women supplemented with high doses of probiotics, both the mean changes in HUVEC number and the percentage of change of cells exposed to serum from the HD group showed increasing trends, although the differences were not quite significant.

Conversely, it shows a negative trend with fat mass (−0.66) ( Figure 3 ).

Results: We found that 52 HMOs had a decreasing trend (regression coefficients ranging from −1.41 to −0.17) and 9 had an increasing trend (regression coefficients ranging from 0.25 to 0.64) during lactation, and the findings were statistically significant after multiple testing corrections.

We showed significant increases in both glucose and triglycerides at 60 min, thereafter triglycerides continuing to increase at 120 min while glucose tapering down, coincident with a trend towards significance in FMD.

NCGS showed a Marsh 1 grade in the 68.2%, versus the 41.5% in the other group, with a p = 0.07, close to significance.