Excerpts

Moreover, perceived stress (significantly) and negative affectivity (close to significance level) in the first trimester positively predicted maternal disgust sensitivity in the first trimester.

STAI scores were relatively stable, with mean scores around 10 to 11 at all timepoints, while PSS scores showed an increasing trend from pregnancy (M = 12.89) to 3 years postpartum (M = 17.30), suggesting that perceived stress rises during the early parenting period.

However, the changing pattern observed in our study diverges from previous literature, where the use of hedges, boosters, and attitude markers in the Discussion sections of Applied Linguistics articles showed a decreasing trend ( Rezaei et al., 2021 ), or fluctuations in the case of boosters ( Xie et al., 2024 ).

Furthermore, a significant main effect of ethnic value grouping was observed on the MEE and MEIH dimensions, with a marginally significant effect on the MEC dimension.

Regarding gender differences, the larger Cohen’s d values presented by the independent samples t -test (ranging from 7.731 to 31.290) suggest that there may be a trend toward practically significant differences between genders.

The increasing trend of results of Narrative Functions, from LuDiCa (when chapters 5 and 6 are disregarded), was an expected trend, as narrative comprehension increases with reader proficiency ( Rogoski, 2024 ).

When excluding chapters 5 and 6 from the graphical analyses of Functions achieved, it is observed that all groups showed an increasing trend in this measure throughout the intervention.

The ORs for music listening ( Supplementary Table S4 ) remain highly significant and change only slightly after adding these variables, ranging from 1.058 to 1.149 compared with 1.058 to 1.150 in the baseline model.

In the context of the Czech Republic, overall adolescent digital engagement appears lower than in many other countries ( Boniel-Nissim et al., 2022 ); although recent observations suggest an increasing trend in problematic digital media use, with most adolescents maintaining balanced use, but a minority showing elevated and potentially problematic patterns ( Zdravagenerace.cz, 2023 ).

However, in the context of time and effort management and inadequacy, there were bigger differences at the beginning of the course between the profiles than in the other scales, although the differences did not quite reach a statistically significant level.

the preemptive group, and only for PGWBI reached a trend near to significance toward transplant recipients ( Figures 2A , C ).

Conversely, GPT2-XL showed a trend of higher surprisal to CP structures than NP structures in the BwS condition, indicating that its behavior seems to rely on surface-level statistical patterns rather than syntactic representations involving an intermediate Spec-CP position.

However, research examining broader cultural shifts in China has found that collectivism remains consistently associated with various life domains—particularly the workplace—and that there is no clear evidence of an increasing trend toward individualism over time ( Hamamura et al., 2021 ).

Ultimately, the consistency between this subjective preference and objective physiological responses was confirmed in our data: in the CGW group, scores on the subjective ROS and FS-14 scales showed highly significant correlations with multiple key EEG ratios, including (α + θ)/β, θ/β, and β/α.

A notable trend is the integration of such frameworks, which enriches conceptual foundations and broadens practical applications.

On the other hand, the direct effects of all three mediators on well-being are highly significant.

Experiential avoidance was found to be a marginally significant mediator of changes in fear of negative evaluation.

Among the group of obese adolescents from low SES backgrounds, there may be significant individual differences due to different regions, family backgrounds, and living environments.

Objective emotional metrics of participants across groups As shown in Supplementary Table 1 , SDNN and rMSSD values in the TJQ, GTJQ, BTJQ, and GBTJQ groups showed a decreasing trend during the acute experimental phase and an increasing trend during the recovery phase.

4.1 Overall benefits of exercise intervention on mental health in ADHD The pooled results of this meta-analysis indicate that exercise interventions significantly improved depressive symptoms (SMD = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.13–0.71) and emotion regulation ability (SMD = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.06–0.92) in individuals with ADHD, and showed a positive trend toward alleviating anxiety symptoms (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.006–0.84).

The only-child status variable (Only_ child) exhibits a negative and weakly significant or statistically significant association in the models for academic rank and certificate attainment, but remains insignificant in the models for overall learning outcomes and awards, pointing to heterogeneity across outcome dimensions.

Regarding perceptions of future career relevance to AI, those who saw a connection ( M = 3.357, SD = 0.688) had slightly higher AI anxiety than those who did not ( M = 3.233, SD = 0.682), but this difference was not statistically significant ( t = −1.791, p = 0.075), showing only a marginal trend. 4.5.

For PLAYING, the Time × Group interaction approached significance, indicating a trend toward group differences in how PLAYING levels evolved.

p -values between 0.05 and 0.10 are described as marginally non-significant to reflect weak directional trends, but these do not meet conventional standards for meaningful effects.

These near-significant p-values reflect a weak directional trend but do not meet the α = 0.05 threshold for statistical significance—unlike the fully significant effects observed for learning motivation ( p < 0.001) and attitude ( p < 0.001), which are robust.