Excerpts

The main effect of contextual constraint was marginally significant, as saccade lengths into the target word in the low-constraint context ( M = 3.19, SE = 0.05) were shorter than those in the high-constraint context ( M = 3.27, SE = 0.05; b = −0.08, SE = 0.04, t = −1.84, p = 0.066).

In general, when the correlation coefficient between questions is high, aggregating them is easy, and the convergence effect of questions in the corresponding dimension is markedly significant.

Results showed that the main effect of sex assigned at birth was marginally significant but had a small effect size, suggesting that the sex difference may not be practically meaningful ( M M ale ± SD = 4.25 ± 1.45, M Female ± SD = 4.59 ± 1.51; F (1, 255) = 3.23, p = 0.074, η 2 p = 0.012).

These misinterpretations included believing that a p -value of 0.01 means there is a 1% chance the null hypothesis is true, or that the result is practically significant.

The 60 min subgroup yielded a slightly stronger effect (SMD = −0.96), while the 90 min subgroup demonstrated a markedly larger effect (SMD = −2.92), indicating a highly significant reduction in anxiety symptoms.

Importantly, the observed interaction between initial performance and instructional condition—though only marginally significant—points to a potential moderating role of prior knowledge.

Lastly, pulse clarity showed a positive trend on urge to move.

This visual representation highlights a clear trend: the estimated probabilities are generally much lower for students who did not achieve a B+ or higher.

The same dimension of Closeness with a WD pupil was positively correlated with years of teaching ( r = 0.24, p = 0.05), showing a marginally significant association.

To further test these associations, LMMs were fitted including a random intercept for school: results did not confirm the association between years of teaching and scores on BPO or BP’s values, but a positive association that approached significance was found between teaching hours per week and “Education of children over time” (cf.

A two-tailed p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant after adjustment, and p < 0.01 was considered highly significant. 3 Results 3.1 Results of EEG power analysis In this section, we compared the alpha-band absolute power across electrodes.

Under different language and cultural backgrounds, cultural and social factors profoundly shape attitudinal expressions, and there may be significant differences in the expression and understanding of attitudinal meaning.

This is a positive trend, as sports training can have a positive impact on both the physical and mental development of children ( Liersch et al., 2025 ; Yakushina et al., 2024 ; Ríos-Garit et al., 2024 ).

Highly significant increases were recorded between pre- and post-test scores in all investigated items of the theory of planned behavior scales and the TPACK short scale.

In terms of working memory, the score of the experimental group increased compared with the pre-test, with an improvement range 1.58 times that of the control group, and the between-group difference was close to significance.

For instance, there was a notable trend showing lower perceived performance in the text-only condition.

When self-esteem was low, negative coping styles played a highly significant mediating role between relative deprivation and future dangerous behaviors (indirect effect = 2.225, 95% CI [0.349, 0.440]).

Although the interaction term Region × Participation reached only marginal significance, the observed trend still supports the notion that culture may indirectly influence how sports participation contributes to psychological outcomes.

In a study that examined the effects of a mindfulness meditation program conducted within a smart garden among patients in a daycare hospital, participants showed a significant reduction in depression and anxiety, whereas their quality of life showed a positive trend, although this was not statistically significant ( Kim and Lee, 2023 ).

The t-values are large, and the F -value is highly significant, indicating a significant positive regression relationship between transformation leadership and its dimensions and knowledge sharing, meeting the requirements of the first step of testing.

An interaction model revealed that both CSI and working memory were significant predictors of mathematical achievement, with a marginally significant two-way interaction implying that students’ cognitive profiles moderated the impact of the intervention.

These represent medium effects ( Cohen, 1988 ) and are considered practically significant ( What Works Clearinghouse, 2023 ).

As task difficulty increased, all four eye-tracking indicators associated with the hoop—total fixation duration, number of fixations, total duration of visits, and total duration of glances—exhibited a decreasing trend.

Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis Table 2 shows that the child emotional and physical maltreatment showed moderately significant negative correlations with self-esteem and moderately significant positive correlations with depression and bullying.

Thus, there is an increasing trend toward a democratic style of authority with a pedagogical purpose ( Brandoni, 2017 ; Freire, 2002 ) in which rules are reasoned and agreed with the students.