Excerpts

Gender differences in Internet use ( F = 17.41, p < 0.001, η2 p = 0.038) and Chinese character spelling performance ( F = 15.64, p < 0.001, η2 p = 0.034) were highly significant, with boys using the Internet significantly more than girls and girls outperforming boys in Chinese character spelling.

The main effects of Identity on RTs and ES were significant or approximately significant: participants performed worse in the Self condition than in the Other condition, indicating self-disadvantage in the explicit task ( Figure 4A ), in line with previous findings ( Ferri et al., 2011 ; Conson et al., 2015 ; Candini et al., 2016 ; Fukui et al., 2020 ).

The posterior distribution of the slope value of experience in psychotherapy and knowledge gain included the null but suggested a negative trend.

On the other hand, the sample size (only 0.82% of the participants switched from obesity to non-obesity from young to late adulthood) was relatively small, and this might be the reason that we detected a marginally significant association between obesity to non-obesity participants ( Xie et al., 2016 ).

PT: Yes, I thought the difference was quite significant, didn’t you?

However, of those three, only voter turnout remained modestly significant in the multiple regression analyses.

The F-statistic P -value is 0.000, demonstrating that the overall model is highly significant and well-fitted.

Not only did the intercorrelation matrix show highly significant positive correlations between corresponding Forma A and B variables but also all variables showed an increase in their scores during the physical activity in comparison with before the exercise.

H3 : Extraversion shows an increasing trend from Generation X to Z.

The younger adolescent group showed a trend toward more perseverative errors in the Environmental Noise condition ( M = 5.52, SD = 4.72) compared to those in the White Noise condition ( M = 3.08, SD = 2.25), p = 0.064; however, there was no difference between the noise conditions for the older adolescents ( M enviro = 4.26, SD enviro = 3.99 and M white = 5.19, SD white = 4.73), p = 0.49.

While we did not find this overarching effect, when splitting participants into younger and older adolescent age groups, results showed a clear trend on the WCST whereby the younger adolescents were making more perseverative and total errors in the presence of the environmental noise, compared to those simply in the white noise condition.

Due to the large sample size, all effects were highly significant.

However, this surface similarity obscures the possibility that there may be significant differences between AI-directed and human-directed psychotherapy.

Since Experiment 1 showed a trend for the predicted interaction across polarity and power for female participants, we included participant and speaker gender in our analysis.

Discussion Our study yielded only a few results in line with generational theory, and even those lacked a clear trend.

Being less surprised after encountering a violation to a prediction could, in turn, mean that it is also harder to update a prediction, because the main function of surprise is to interrupt an ongoing action and reorient attention to the new, possibly significant stimulus (Kalat, 2015 ).

This does not mean that other school factors not studied here, such as school attachment, social integration into the class, etc., might be significant; further analyses of how school factors relate to identity and extremism are therefore desirable.

Previous research indicates that RSS procedures improve the precision by which treatment effects are detected ( Donner and Zou, 2007 ) and reduce the sample size needed to detect practically significant treatment effects ( Egger et al., 1985 ) compared to simple random sampling.

If an association exists between aphantasia and face recognition ability (PI20-J), there may be significant differences in the aphantasia group.

In addition, there was also a numerical trend to take more behaviors about having a more regular lifestyle (i.e., Item 1) and being more aware of the importance of family (i.e., Item 3) in the remission period.

This is the significant feature of the homo hypnoticus : The difference of around eight t -values between the HYP DGZH ( Figure 3 ) and NONHYP DENT ( Figure 5 ) participants was found to be highly significant in our data (not included in this study) and parallels equal findings in other samples ( Peter and Böbel, 2020a ).

The only exception is in the first column, where the coefficient on CentralSOE ∗ Reg is –0.11 ( t = –1.61, p > 0.1), which is marginally significant when using one tail test.

This model also fitted poor to the data, and the χ 2 difference between the configural invariance model and the metric invariance model was marginally significant ( Table 7 ).

The MVGRIMS displayed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha value = 0.59 to 0.91), and the test–retest and intra-class correlation coefficients were highly significant in most items (ICC = 0.62 and above).

The change in the performance of each subject after the new teaching design is implemented for 1 year is significantly higher than that before the implementation, and the average performance of each subject shows an increasing trend.