Excerpts

This requirement resulted in an increasing trend to amplify extracted DNA before sequencing, e.g., by non-specific PCR amplification of DNA fragments ( Stang et al., 2005 ; Ambrose and Clewley, 2006 ; Solonenko et al., 2013 ) or whole genome amplification (WGA) ( Breitbart et al., 2008 ; Pérez-Brocal et al., 2013 ; García-López et al., 2014 ).

Healthy corals also showed a trend to group according to the enrichment gradient.

Bacteria continued to demonstrate exsA promoter activation in LB supplemented with magnesium and EGTA after 4 h of incubation, although promoter activity exhibited a decreasing trend from that observed after 3 h.

Significant differences were only found for the fermentation kinetics parameters (T15 and T100), wine density, and marginally significant differences for the amount of reducing sugars and mannoproteins ( Table 2 ).

A clear trend with respect to the relative proportion per cell of each plasmid was identified.

Permanova showed that time was the major factor leading to differences in bacterial composition (highest F -ratio), but there were also highly significant effects of the treatments and of the interaction term.

P -values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant and P -values < 0.10 were considered as an important trend throughout the paper.

Despite the marginally significant interaction between sampling date and fertilization treatment ( Table 2A ), cellulose mass loss in response to N or P addition (as the first phase of the Np or Pn treatments, respectively) did not differ from the control treatment during the first 36 days ( Figure 1A ).

We speculated that the newly fixed N released by the Cyanobacteria in surface water and porewater might be significant in initiating the algal blooms.

Introduction An important trend in microbiological dental research recently is the discovery of new methods to eradicate dental plaque biofilms.

Nevertheless, we observe a clear trend that isolates over-expressing GroEL/GroES during growth with sub-lethal streptomycin exposure rapidly acquired reduced susceptibility to the selection drug and also to additional drugs.

Overall Structure of the Caecal Microbiota from the Three Flocks Comparison of the microbiota composition across the three replicate trials showed that there were highly significant differences between the trials; as high as at the phylum level (Supplementary Figure S3 ).

The basidiomyceteous yeasts were not considered further in this study because of their marginal significance in winemaking.

When normalized to 16S rRNA genes, tet (G) ratios displayed a decreasing trend and returned to background by day 10 (Figure 1B ).

This is in contrast to the HNL and GYR stations where significant ( p = 0.01) and highly significant ( p = <0.001) differences respectively, were found between the surface and DCM libraries.

Furthermore, a negative trend was observed between the probability of mcyD detection and the N:P ratio, suggesting that the availability of phosphorus, rather than nitrogen, is correlated with, and potentially drives, the distribution of the mcyD containing strains (Supplementary Figure 4A ).

However, the survival of the melittin-selected bacteria was not significant with respect to the ancestral bacteria, while the pexiganan-selected bacteria showed a trend toward high survival.

P -values of ≤0.05 were considered significant and ≤0.001 as highly significant.

cholerae identified here are still likely to be significant within the context of human health.

However, there is a clear trend of lower expression of both Ap_Bf-2b and Ap_MASP in symbiotic compared to aposymbiotic anemones.

We found that voles selected for herbivorous capability harbored distinct microbial communities (although, the differences were only marginally significant), while voles selected for high aerobic capacity or predatory behavior exhibited no differences from control lines.

It may be significant that, in the study of hypercholesterolemic men, an increase in fecal propionic acid was noted.

Inverse Simpson diversity estimates displayed a clear trend toward higher diversity estimates in primer 799F-1391R as compared to primer pairs 799F-1193R and 341F-783Rabc although not statistically significant for the rhizosphere soil and root samples (Figure 3B ).

The results of a recent study conducted in Beijing, China indicate an increasing trend of type 2 lineage ( Zhao et al., 2015 ), although it is not yet clear whether the type-shift phenomenon from type 1 to 2 is occurring.

In both RPMI and SCD media, white cells also grew faster at the elevated temperatures (30 and 33°C) than at 25°C, whereas opaque cells did not show a clear trend with changes in temperature.