Excerpts

In summary, our study shows that a gyrB mutation, even located outside of the QRDR and conferring a barely significant resistance level, can significantly increase persistence against ciprofloxacin.

One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test was used to compare the viable counts of bacteria in the various culture media between different days of antibiotic exposure with P values of <0.05 and <0.01 set to represent significant and highly significant differences, respectively.

showed an increasing trend from five days post-initiation of FFC treatment, reached the maximum level at five days post-withdrawal, and then showed a decreasing trend ( Figure 6E ).

Along with this, colocalization analyses showed a strong trend of L. monocytogenes to share location within the biofilm with all Pseudomonas assayed whilst the latter distributed throughout the surface independently of the presence of L. monocytogenes , a fact that was especially evident in those biofilms in which cell clusters were present.

In general, soil factors were correlated with AM fungal diversity on conventional farms, while they were hardly significant on organic farms.

P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant and P < 0.01 was considered extremely significant.

There was an overall trend that disease-causing E. coli had more antibiotic resistance and were more likely to form biofilms in nutrient-rich media (BHI) as compared to cecal strains.

The PC–DFA scores plots also displayed a clear trend for the induced samples according to the gene copy number from N0–N6, which was confirmed and illustrated in the findings of all the three separate batch cultures, highlighting the reproducibility of the whole process ( Supplementary Figure S6 ).

Using the established optimum concentration of hemin (60 μM), an increasing trend of Cyt b 5 content was detected and correlated directly with increasing gene copy numbers, as shown in Figure 5C .

The authors found no effects on mucosal PrEP concentration but detected an impact of the use of lubricant on the gut microbiota, with decreased Bacteroides , increased concentrations of Prevotella (statistically borderline significant), and increased microbial diversity.

During degradation, Starkeya and Hydrogenophaga (K–W test, P < 0.05) first showed an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend, and their abundance in the NO group was relatively high.

The Chao1 index, the observed species, and the Shannon and Simpson indices of the fungal communities showed a decreasing trend, indicating that the diversity and richness of fungi gradually decreased during fermentation.

There was also an overall trend for increasing levels of citric acid.

The incidence rate of cervical cancer at a younger age is showing an increasing trend ( Zheng et al., 2019 ).

The biofilm formation could be observed from 24 h of inoculation, which consistently showed an increasing trend up to 96 h.

At the same time, the warming trend and precipitation days in the growing season of major grain-producing areas in China have obvious regional changes; that is, precipitation in the western part of China has an increasing trend, while precipitation in the eastern part of China has a decreasing trend.

An increasing trend of paratyphoid fever A has been reported over the past two decades ( Sahastrabuddhe et al., 2013 ), specifically in Asia areas, including Nepal ( Zellweger et al., 2017 ), Cambodia ( Kuijpers et al., 2017 ), and China ( Arndt et al., 2014 ).

The fact that antibiotics have been usually applied for prophylactic, therapeutic, and metaphylactic purposes favors the loss of susceptibility among the target organisms, and hence an increasing trend of antibiotic resistance among Vibrio species is likely as suggested by the data present in this review.

According to the single-factor experiment results ( Jiang et al., 2019 ), LiP activity and MnP activity showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and the highest activities were observed at 7 days.

However, Veillonellales-Selenomonadales, Brevundimonas , Phenylobacterium and Reyranella showed an increasing trend ( Figure 6 ).

On the other hand, in the overfeeding group, the relative abundance of the dominant phyla of bacteria in each part of the intestinal tract changed with time, i.e., the relative abundance of Firmicutes showed a decreasing trend at the earlier stage and an increasing trend at the later stage, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria showed an increasing trend at the earlier stage and decreased at a later stage.

Third, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the jejunum and ileum over time under the states of overfeeding or no overfeeding showed a trend opposite to that of Proteobacteria.

For the stage of CK1 to CK2, the fungal richness of sample showed a trend of rising and then falling, while there was no significant difference in the fungal diversity.

The mAbG3 at 5, 10, and 20 μg concentrations showed a trend toward the enhancement of infectivity, but the CPE counts were not significantly different from the medium alone ( p > 0.05).

In particular, the deletion of genes encoding an EAL domain alone or in combination with a GGDEF domain resulted in minimal changes to overall c-di-GMP concentration, but highly significant differences in biofilm architecture ( Figures 3 , 4 ).