Excerpts

When predicting ED visits and hospitalization rates for asthma and LRIs, we found lower SES was significantly related to all outcomes except for asthma ED visit rates, which bordered on significance (Table 3 ).

These predictors were severity of child externalising behaviour and age of child, although the latter was only marginally significant.

Hypertension is highly prevalent among Portuguese adults [ 11 ] but, as observed in other countries [ 20 ], a decreasing trend in the last decade was observed [ 21 ].

There has been an increasing trend with regards to the prevalence of smoking among adolescents over the past three decades, mostly caused by the progressive increase among females.

This is a negative trend, because very few return to work after having received disability pension [ 3 ].

Subjects using smoke-rich fuels and presented with respiratory symptoms showed a trend of poorer HR-QoL compared to those using smoke-free fuels (Table 2 ).

Another study reported marginally statistically significant supra-multiplicative interaction effects between early and later life [ 45 ].

Again, a highly significant reduction of PTSD, depression and anxiety symptomology was observed in the intervention group compared to a waitlisted control group.

We found two highly significant predictors of using LARC-PM.

All average decline estimates were statistically highly significant.

With respect to drug resistance, the percentage of cases with multidrug-resistant TB differed considerably, from 0% in Slovenia to 21.5% in Lithuania and showed an increasing trend in Austria, a decreasing and then increasing trend in the United Kingdom, was stable in Lithuania, Portugal and Slovenia, and increased and thereafter decreased in Romania.

While the provision and use of nicotine patches, and possibly just surveying about smoking habits, may aid in stimulating patient-initiated discussion of smoking cessation with primary care physicians, these findings point to an encouraging trend of greater physician compliance with the advise and assist components of the 5A model, as seen in recent representative U.S. population surveys [ 33 , 34 ].

A tendency to rise with age, at the level of borderline significance, was only found when low HDL-cholesterol levels were defined according to IDF criteria.

Similarly, rates of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity exhibited a significant trend of rising with age.

A recent study analysed RNA expression profiles in the blood of smokers and non-smokers and identified a highly significant increase in the expression of GPR15 gene [ 24 ].

However, a trend towards significance was identified for participants who self-reported greater cultural engagement.

In Estonia, data concerning smoking among 16–64-years-olds has been available since 1990 and shows a decreasing trend.

Another study among indigenous Siberians has shown that after adjusting body size and composition, as well as potentially confounding variables such as age, smoking status, ethnicity, and degree of urbanization, BMR is positively correlated with SBP and pulse pressure (PP) and a positive trend with DBP [ 42 ].

The results revealed that several of the socioeconomic variables were highly significant and displayed an oral health gradient, showing that the lower the income and educational level, the greater the proportion of individuals with poor oral health.

Generally, there was an increasing trend from prior through current use to future intention to use the more effective reversible contraceptive methods (i.e.

The crude logistic regression showed a highly significant negative correlation between mother’s education and child stunting, however, the multivariate analysis, model 2 and 3, showed that children of mothers who had secondary and higher education were less likely to be stunted than children who had mothers with no education and mothers with only primary education, but without statistical significance.

However, the prevalence of single HR-HPV exerted an increasing trend with age, and single LR-HPV infection was highest in less than 24 years age group and then decreased significantly with advancing age (Fig. 2b ).

Additionally, the analysis of secondary AML and therapy-related AML may be significant for future epidemiological studies as a link between previous malignant disorders and AML incidence.

, Denmark and France; 3) a sharply increasing trend in women, and a sharply decreasing trend in men, seen in New Zealand (Figure 1 ), Finland, Australia and Netherlands; 4) a more gradual increasing trend in women, but a sharply declining trend in men, seen only in England and Wales (Figure 1 ); 5) a decreasing trend in both sexes, seen in Singapore (Figure 1 ) and Hong Kong; 6) a decreasing and then a gradually increasing trend in women, but a sharply increasing trend in men, seen in Spain (Figure 1 ) and Greece; and 7) a relatively steady trend in both sexes, seen only in Cuba (Figure 1 ).

The period effects for males and females from the APC model applied to the data from the 23 countries could be classified into seven patterns: 1) an increasing trend in both sexes, seen in Taiwan (Figure 1 ), Norway, Japan, Hungary, and Portugal; 2) a sharply increasing trend in women, with little change seen in men seen in USA (Figure 1 ), Sweden, Poland, Italy, Canada, Belgium, Denmark and France; 3) a sharply increasing trend in women, and a sharply decreasi