Excerpts

Bias is much smaller, and only marginally statistically significant, when the study protocol explicitly allows participants to opt out of post-test counseling and the return of HIV test results.

First, we identified marginally significant bias under the assumptions of a protocol whereby test results are not returned to respondents.

In the first binary logistic model (consent levels B and C versus A), the likelihood of being HIV positive is correlated with consent for testing and post-test counseling and highly significant: for each percentage point increase in the likelihood of infection, the odds to consent to testing and post-test counseling (consent level A) decrease by 1.5%.

In fact, after an overall decrease in the rate of healthcare services utilization observed between 1984 and 1998 that led the authors [ 14 ] to conclude the reforms had failed, an increasing trend was observed from 1998 on, suggesting that the increase in the rate of child vaccination over the same period is not an isolated case. - Measures were taken to ensure the safety of injections, thus reducing post-immunization reactions.

Higher educational level is associated with longer RLE at a borderline significance among males (Table 1 ).

There is a notable trend of an increased proportion of older people for both sexes.

Similarly, given our highly significant results in relation to convenient parking near work, it appears that limiting access to parking could be an effective method of discouraging employees from driving to work.

Hispanics were discussed as a homogenous group when, in fact, there may be significant variations among Hispanic sub-populations.

As would be expected, we found highly significant heterogeneity in sex differences in attitudes towards IPVAW across countries.

The annual mean levels of SO 2 have not exceeded the USEPA limit of 80 μg/m 3 , but the levels have shown an increasing trend in the last few years (Figure 2 ).

In addition, there is no well-designed study which estimates the economic cost of alcohol consumption in Thailand, where an increasing trend of alcohol consumption has been observed [ 12 ].

One of the cohort studies did attempt to adjust for frailty and physical functioning [ 52 ] and these factors were found to attenuate the association between low serum vitamin D status and hip fracture risk, although it remained marginally statistically significant.

Purchasing power shows a highly significant association to PCS while the other neighbourhood variables did not remain in the model.

These results were only marginally significant for some associations; however, they may indicate the potential benefits of repeated testing and counseling.

In further analyses, a marginally significant cross-level interaction was observed between company-level lack of reciprocity and age (OR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.13-1.01), indicating that age is associated with higher odds of smoking in companies with high reciprocity (OR: 1.14) and lower odds of smoking in companies with low reciprocity (OR: 0.41; which is computed by multiplying 1.14 by 0.36).

Trial Registration ISRCTN31954692 pmc-status-qastatus 0 pmc-status-live yes pmc-status-embargo no pmc-status-released yes pmc-prop-open-access yes pmc-prop-olf no pmc-prop-manuscript no pmc-prop-legally-suppressed no pmc-prop-has-pdf yes pmc-prop-has-supplement yes pmc-prop-pdf-only no pmc-prop-suppress-copyright no pmc-prop-is-real-version no pmc-prop-is-scanned-article no pmc-prop-preprint no pmc-prop-in-epmc yes pmc-license-ref CC BY Background Frailty is highly prevalent in older people; up to 40% of this population is estimated to be frail and an increasing trend is expected [ 1 ].

Although highly significant, the effect sizes were moderate, corresponding to a difference in standard deviations ranging from .34 - .51.

Although not significant, PMK working status in the past 12 months in the present study also showed a trend of higher early menarche rates among unemployed PMKs.

Ethnicity and place of birth, in the present study, approached significance with age at menarche (p-value is 0.079 and 0.063, respectively).

In our multivariate logistic regression, older age only had a borderline significant association with cognitive impairment.

Our results may overestimate the impact of anti-smoking legislation, as there has been a decreasing trend in exposure to passive smoking and the prevalence of smokers in most industrialized countries prior to the introduction of anti-smoking by-laws.

The decline of 10% in the faculty of law did not quite reach statistical significance, but the CI for the difference between the surveys was still compatible with a decline more than with no decline.

The results showed an increasing trend in rates for lung cancers in men.

As would be expected on the basis of ART need, age was a highly significant predictor of uptake - the median was 30.5 year for the untreated group and 36.3 for the group on ART.

The association between use of the local radio and feeling informed was approaching significance.