Excerpts

There were statistically significant inverse associations between risk of PrCa and height (OR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.86-0.97; per one cm increase), weight (OR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.94-1.00; per one kg increase; borderline significant), and waist size (OR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.87-0.96; per one cm increase).

Sensitivity analysis including GDP did not alter our conclusions in a practically significant way.

However, only 87.9 % of participants reported following the first step, and subsequently, there was a decreasing trend with only 73.3 %, 63.3 %, 34.2 %, 30.8 %, 26.7 %, 42.9 %, and 75.0 % reported performing the remaining steps 2 to 8, respectively (Table 2 ).

Another explanation may include a possible trend in Canada toward middle class or wealthy populations living in older, more established neighbourhoods and homes.

Other than the traditional brothels in the designated red-light districts, there is an increasing trend of heterosexual men who have paid or casual sex with female EE workers [ 22 , 23 ].

In addition, boys whose mothers and fathers both had chronic pain showed a trend toward greater social competence.

We noted that food groups indicating greater stability were also amongst those presenting highly significant changes in average intakes.

However, as we explored the impact of two different campaign themes at 3 lags and found one borderline significant result, it is also possible that the significant effect of campaigns with a second hand smoking theme at lag 1 may have arisen by chance, and our findings should be interpreted accordingly.

Comparing lung cancer risks in all construction workers combined with those in the general population, we found a slight borderline non-significant excess risk (OR = 1.15; 95 % CI: 0.9–1.4).

There were borderline significant excess risks among workers in the building, industrial and heavy construction sector.

This phenomenon has been observed elsewhere, as a recent Spanish study showed rates of healthcare workers approaching 31 %, and a decreasing trend after the year 2009 [ 23 ].

Socioeconomic position, social relations, and not completing a secondary education Table 3 shows that young people from the lowest socioeconomic position families had approximately a 3-fold higher risk of not completing a secondary education compared to young people from the highest socioeconomic position families (Model 1), and a significant trend was seen across socioeconomic groups.

The values of triglycerides were 127.39 ± 33.43 in dippers and 113.81 ± 28.57 mg/dl in non-dippers ( p = 0.003) showing highly significant difference between the two study groups.

Those not yet under treatment showed a trend of a consistently low global quality of life score in the 12-month follow-up; they started with the second best scores (81.3) and they ended the follow-up with the worst scores (80.4).

Analysis showed a weak trend of decreasing low back pain with moderate/high physical activity levels, but this association was not significant.

Gender stratification For both men and women there was an overall trend of reduced LBP with time when using baseline as reference.

Level of PA showed an increasing trend during follow-up, with lowest level of reported moderate/high PA at T5 (44 %) and highest at T17 (59 %).

Results Low back pain was significantly influenced by time and overall there was a decreasing trend of low back pain prevalence throughout the follow-up.

In this alternative model, all three therapies presented a decreasing trend of posterior odds ratios with increasing road travelling time (TRACT), with radiotherapy and hormonal therapy had substantially lower odds ratios for those who had more than 2 h of travelling time, and chemotherapy had substantively lower odds ratios for patients with more than 4 h of travelling time (see Additional file 1 : Table S9).

When estimated with 2SRI, the effects of smoking status on body weight were consistent and the residuals inserted into the second stage were highly significant (Table 3 ), indicating that smoking status was endogenous ( Appendix ).

As anticipated, the GRS is a highly significant predictor of body weight measures in all models constructed from the SP sample.

However, a nonsignificant trend towards a protective benefit was identified on the highest percentiles of abdominal adiposity.

Although intra-household evaluations did not reveal any trends or association for depression in our study, an increasing trend approached significance for suicidal attempts (Table 4 ).

no pmc-prop-is-real-version no pmc-prop-is-scanned-article no pmc-prop-preprint no pmc-prop-in-epmc yes pmc-license-ref CC BY issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2016 Background South Africa has experienced an acceleration in the reduction of child mortality since 2006 [ 1 ] and a reversal of an increasing trend in maternal mortality ratios [ 2 ].

Correlates of school health improvement As indicated in Table 3 , school size had small positive correlations with most health improvement activities indicating a trend toward more health improvement activity in larger schools, though in no cases was this significant, approaching significance only for coverage of healthy food policy and promotion of active travel.