Excerpts

We observed a significant trend across the quartiles for age, body-mass-index (BMI), prevalence of diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and C-reactive protein concentrations ( Table 2 ).

Consequently, the average sodium intake in Korea has shown a decreasing trend since 2005.

A recent case-control study also observed a marginally significant inverse trend between higher dietary PUFA intake and lower incidence of ESRD [ 64 ].

However, those with the lowest educational qualifications tended to have lower dietary vitamin C intake, although this was not quite significant.

In light of recently published sodium-reduction targets and recommendations to reduce sodium across the food industry [ 24 ], this analysis provides the public health community with a current view of consumer attitudes and suggests that there may be an increasing trend towards greater support for some of these policies.

However, a reverse trend was observed in the AA genotype of rs5186 in which there was a decreasing trend in the mean of total cholesterol and LDL-C from the lowest tertile (tertile 1) to the highest tertile (tertile 3).

The National Health and Morbidity Surveys (NHMS) in Malaysia which provides the most comprehensive health data of adults for 1996, 2006, 2011, and 2015 also showed an increasing trend in all the NCD risk factors.

Interestingly, in a study conducted in central Iran, evidence indicated that there was a marginally significant independent association between potato consumption and risk of stroke [ 55 ].

For all three fortificants, after 6 months and one year of storage of fortified lentil dal, there was an increasing trend in L*, but a decreasing trend for the a* and b* values ( Table 2 ).

In the present study, the association between HEI-C 2010 scores and likelihood of obesity was moderately significant.

Results from this study, where more than 68,000 participants from 18 different cohorts were used, showed nominally significant associations between diet score and WHR-GRS, with stronger genetic effect in subjects with a higher diet score (β interaction (SE interaction ) = 4.77 × 10 −5 (2.32 × 10 −5 ); P interaction = 0.04), i.e., consuming healthier diets [ 28 ].

Conversely, another RCT [ 21 ] comparing consumption of 1 L of low mineralized uncarbonated water with an diet beverage (aspartame sweetened Cola) for six months showed no significant difference between the groups in FPG, Insulin or HOMA-IR; rather, a positive trend for diet cola.

In a recent meta-analysis of observational studies, fruit juice consumption resulted in a 5% increase of incidence of type 2 diabetes [ 6 ]; however, a correlation between fruit juice consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes was not found in a European meta-analysis [ 37 ], and an observational study from Costa Rica substituting sucrose sweetened or diet beverages with fruit juice showed a trend towards better glycemic parameters and a lower incidence of metabolic syndrome than substituting it with water [ 40 ].

Due to these safety concerns, there is an increasing trend among food scientists to replace these synthetic antioxidants with natural ones, which are generally supposed to be safer [ 17 , 18 ].

A trend towards significance was seen between tanned skin colour (ITAF score) and serum 25(OH)D concentrations.

There are several studies in morbidly obese individuals that found a significant [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ] or borderline significant [ 62 , 63 ] inverse relationship between BMI and 25(OH)D concentrations, with small to large effect sizes.

Among subjects with a high GRS, those with a high MDS evidenced a highly significant reduction in total carotenoids, while among those with a low GRS, there was no difference associated with MDS levels.

Biochemical Determinations Adenohypophyseal PPII specific activity of Zn-deficient pups showed a trend to decrease, but there was no statistically significant difference between groups (Zn-deficient = 472.5 ± 67 pmol of βNA min/mg of protein vs. controls = 631.2 ± 194 pmol of βNA/min/mg of protein).

One longitudinal cohort study [ 142 ] with a mean follow-up of 14 years, which included 24,032 participants aged 44–74 years, reported a borderline significant interaction by genotype of the FADS SNP rs174546 on the incidence of CVD by PUFA intake levels.

We performed genome-wide allele-specific methylation (ASM) with the FADS1 SNP, rs174537 in 144 human liver samples and identified highly significant ASM with CpG sites between FADS1 and FADS2 in a enhancer signature region [ 150 ], leading to the hypothesis that the associations of rs174537 with LC-PUFA levels may be impacted by the methylation status of that enhancer region.

Another systematic review by the same author addressed the effectiveness of supplementation on ROP and found a positive trend towards a beneficial effect, although it did not reach statistical significance [ 52 ].

Iran’s national elimination program for iodine deficiency disorder (IDD), launched in 1994 and evaluated every 5 years, indicates iodine sufficiency [ 17 ]; although, the median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) has shown a decreasing trend over time, and some recent reports indicate iodine deficiency in parts of Iran [ 18 ].

Trabecular bone density increased with QBA treatment in female mice, but only an increasing trend was detected in male mice.

For example, one recent review of 63 randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of dietary supplements in Western adults found that in 45 of them no benefits were found, 10 showed a trend toward harm and 2 showed a trend toward benefit, while 4 reported actual harm, and 2 both harms and benefits; only vitamin D and omega 3 fatty acids had strong enough benefits and lack of harm to suggest possible efficacy [ 3 ].

A recent comprehensive meta-analysis including 143 studies on the association between isoflavone intake and cancer risk distinguished results by study design as only prospective studies are considered valid to draft evidence of association between foods and health outcome: the report showed significant results for the association between isoflavone intake and decreased risk of stomach and lung cancer, while nearly significant decreased risk of breast and colorectal cancer [ 340 ].