Excerpts

The National Health and Morbidity Surveys (NHMS) in Malaysia which provides the most comprehensive health data of adults for 1996, 2006, 2011, and 2015 also showed an increasing trend in all the NCD risk factors.

Interestingly, in a study conducted in central Iran, evidence indicated that there was a marginally significant independent association between potato consumption and risk of stroke [ 55 ].

For all three fortificants, after 6 months and one year of storage of fortified lentil dal, there was an increasing trend in L*, but a decreasing trend for the a* and b* values ( Table 2 ).

In the present study, the association between HEI-C 2010 scores and likelihood of obesity was moderately significant.

Results from this study, where more than 68,000 participants from 18 different cohorts were used, showed nominally significant associations between diet score and WHR-GRS, with stronger genetic effect in subjects with a higher diet score (β interaction (SE interaction ) = 4.77 × 10 −5 (2.32 × 10 −5 ); P interaction = 0.04), i.e., consuming healthier diets [ 28 ].

Conversely, another RCT [ 21 ] comparing consumption of 1 L of low mineralized uncarbonated water with an diet beverage (aspartame sweetened Cola) for six months showed no significant difference between the groups in FPG, Insulin or HOMA-IR; rather, a positive trend for diet cola.

In a recent meta-analysis of observational studies, fruit juice consumption resulted in a 5% increase of incidence of type 2 diabetes [ 6 ]; however, a correlation between fruit juice consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes was not found in a European meta-analysis [ 37 ], and an observational study from Costa Rica substituting sucrose sweetened or diet beverages with fruit juice showed a trend towards better glycemic parameters and a lower incidence of metabolic syndrome than substituting it with water [ 40 ].

Due to these safety concerns, there is an increasing trend among food scientists to replace these synthetic antioxidants with natural ones, which are generally supposed to be safer [ 17 , 18 ].

A trend towards significance was seen between tanned skin colour (ITAF score) and serum 25(OH)D concentrations.

There are several studies in morbidly obese individuals that found a significant [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ] or borderline significant [ 62 , 63 ] inverse relationship between BMI and 25(OH)D concentrations, with small to large effect sizes.

Among subjects with a high GRS, those with a high MDS evidenced a highly significant reduction in total carotenoids, while among those with a low GRS, there was no difference associated with MDS levels.

Biochemical Determinations Adenohypophyseal PPII specific activity of Zn-deficient pups showed a trend to decrease, but there was no statistically significant difference between groups (Zn-deficient = 472.5 ± 67 pmol of βNA min/mg of protein vs. controls = 631.2 ± 194 pmol of βNA/min/mg of protein).

One longitudinal cohort study [ 142 ] with a mean follow-up of 14 years, which included 24,032 participants aged 44–74 years, reported a borderline significant interaction by genotype of the FADS SNP rs174546 on the incidence of CVD by PUFA intake levels.

We performed genome-wide allele-specific methylation (ASM) with the FADS1 SNP, rs174537 in 144 human liver samples and identified highly significant ASM with CpG sites between FADS1 and FADS2 in a enhancer signature region [ 150 ], leading to the hypothesis that the associations of rs174537 with LC-PUFA levels may be impacted by the methylation status of that enhancer region.

Another systematic review by the same author addressed the effectiveness of supplementation on ROP and found a positive trend towards a beneficial effect, although it did not reach statistical significance [ 52 ].

Iran’s national elimination program for iodine deficiency disorder (IDD), launched in 1994 and evaluated every 5 years, indicates iodine sufficiency [ 17 ]; although, the median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) has shown a decreasing trend over time, and some recent reports indicate iodine deficiency in parts of Iran [ 18 ].

On the basis of our proposal, we believe that the whole intestine could be involved in NCG/WS, maybe with an increasing trend in the colon.

In the present study, there was a slight trend towards higher PA in patients with higher BMI, which might indicate that at a higher BMI, the patients’ health allows them to be more physically active.

By contrast, the association with birth year was only borderline significant in 1991–1992 (beta-coefficient (95% CI), −0.079 (−0.167; 0.009 units)); in 1993–1994 (beta-coefficient (95% CI), 0.017 (−0.070; 0.104 units)) relative to 1995–1998 ( p = 0.053). 3.2.

However, the associations with ADHD outcomes were robust and remained borderline significant for participants with a low iodine intake from food who initiated iodine supplement use in the first trimester.

A significant trend was found across serum 25(OH)D concentration ranges such that as 25(OH)D increased, systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased.

However, broad measures of cognitive function may only detect highly significant nutritional effects, especially if the study is underpowered [ 138 ].

For instance, the meta-analysis carried out by Li and colleagues—on 16 cohort and 10 case-control studies—found a borderline significant association (RR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93–1.00) when comparing highest versus lowest coffee consumption; results limited to cohort studies were not significant.

A previous study conducted in China found that the prevalence of MetS was 24.5% in 2016 [ 11 ]; in Taiwan, a study using the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) showed an increasing trend of MetS from 13.6% to 25.5% from NAHSIT 1993–1996 to NAHSIT 2005–2008, respectively [ 12 ].

Research on the genetic predisposition to selecting specific foods based on taste perception may be significant in advancing our fundamental knowledge of genetic factors influencing habitual dietary intake and the development of chronic disease.