Excerpts

No cross-test omnibus correction was applied; however, the resulting inflation of the family-wise Type I error rate across seven tests is acknowledged as a limitation, and readers should interpret borderline significant findings with appropriate caution.

In recent years, method integration has emerged as a significant trend.

By contrast, in the fully adjusted model, Q4 was associated with a higher risk of reduced HDL-C than Q1 [HR (95% CI) = 1.32 (1.04–1.67), p = 0.025], with a significant trend across quartiles ( p for trend = 0.043).

Finally, given the relatively small number of transitional milk samples, findings in this subgroup, especially those with marginal significance, should be regarded as preliminary and warrant replication in larger cohorts.

In contrast, RD, 1-kestose, and FOP showed a trend toward a lower glucose response but did not significantly differ from the RM control.

In contrast, the DP-M+FU combination showed a trend effect by restoring naïve T cells to 11.72 ± 3.77% and elevating Tcm cells to 8.42 ± 1.52%.

Additionally, changes in LDL (−16.2 mg/dL [−34.3, 1.8], p = 0.075) and non-HDL cholesterol (−16.5 mg/dL [−34.4, 1.5], p = 0.069) approached significant differences between groups at week 6. 4.10.

However, because this was a proof-of-concept study and recommendations in sport science have supported interpretation of 90% confidence intervals (CI) equivalent to an alpha level of 0.10 [ 48 , 49 ], we also report outcomes with p -values between 0.05 and 0.10 as trends approaching significance.

Significant interaction effects were observed VANT ( p = 0.032), VO 2 at VANT ( p = 0.028), and submaximal glucose and fat oxidation ( p = 0.034) while time to reach peak VO 2 ( p = 0.083), absolute ( p = 0.075) and relative ( p = 0.057) peak VO 2 approached significance.

Adjusted p -values between 0.05 and 0.10 were interpreted as indicative of a statistical trend, particularly given the small sample size.

Although nominally significant, these findings require cautious interpretation because several FDR-adjusted p -values exceeded 0.5.

Compared with Q1, the adjusted ORs were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.67–1.12) for Q2, 0.74 (95% CI: 0.56–0.97) for Q3, and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.46–0.82) for Q4, with a significant trend across quartiles ( p for trend < 0.001).

NEC incidence was highest in the control (60%), IV arginine (64%), and oral citrulline (62.5%) groups, while donor human milk showed a trend toward lower NEC incidence [ 40 ].

Crucially, the VLCD intervention was associated with a highly significant within-group reduction in parameters of permanent chromosomal damage, effectively halving the frequencies of micronuclei and nuclear buds, independent of baseline variations, in adjusted multivariate regression models.

When stratified by sex, this difference showed a tendency towards significance in men ( p adj. = 0.075), but not in women ( p adj. = 0.729).

Hepatic Gluconeogenic Gene Expression Hepatic Pck1 (PEPCK) expression showed an increasing trend in the HFD control group compared to the ND group, although this difference did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 4 A).

While some strategies in our trial, such as mADF and lTRE, showed a numerical trend toward a slightly higher adjusted expenditure, this did not reach statistical significance.

HDF administration showed a non-significant increase in albumin and a near-significant rise in total protein.

Fecal zonulin showed a decreasing trend, with significant reductions in participants with 25.0 ≤ BMI < 30.0 kg/m 2 .

After drug intervention, the DAI scores of the UC + NH and PC groups were significantly lower than those of the UC group, while the UC + NL group showed a decreasing trend but was not significant.

Conclusions from an Umbrella Systematic Review and Assessment of Causal Relations Using Bradford Hill’s Criteria included that while observational results suggest a weakly significant positive association between red meat and CVD risk factors, most experimental results do not support this relationship [ 5 ].

Protein, magnesium, zinc, vitamin B3, and vitamin B12 intakes showed a decreasing trend across neuropathy categories, with lower median values observed in patients with more severe neuropathy ( Figure 2 ).

We also noted a significant trend of decreasing total FHC and subscale scores with increasing education level. 4.

We observed sixty nominally significant correlations; none survived false discovery rate (FDR) correction (lowest q = 0.08) ( Table S3 ).

A distinct pattern is observed in Kenya, where both caloric availability and protein density show a decreasing trend, accompanied by a strong and statistically significant correlation (τ = 0.800, p = 0.014), suggesting a structurally consistent but negative trajectory ( Figure 3 ).