Excerpts

Between 2000 and 2020, there was a negative trend in the impact coefficient of economic development in the cities in the Yellow River Basin, which ranged from 0 to 8.

In conclusion, land-use carbon emissions exhibited an increasing trend over time, with construction lands serving as the primary carbon source and forests and grasslands serving as the primary carbon sinks [ 23 , 24 , 25 ].

Showers and Shotick (1994) [ 9 ] used the data of the US Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) and found that the age of the household head, the household income, and the family size all had a significant positive impact on the demand for life insurance, and the positive impact of the household head age and the family size showed a decreasing trend.

A decreasing trend was observed over time in several countries including Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Iran, Iraq and Kuwait, while the trend was less clear in other countries.

As shown in Figure 3 , and similar to observations from other parts of the world [ 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ], CO 2 concentrations/emissions have been following an increasing trend over time in the EMR.

(2) The emergency response capacity of medical institutions is distributed in a patchy multi-center distribution, and shows a decreasing trend from the center to the periphery.

Both showed an initial increasing trend and then a decreasing trend in the subsequent two periods.

As the pyrolysis time increased from 1 to 10 s, the yields of aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, and N-compounds displayed an increasing trend.

At the same time, the degradation of the HHRT, mainly in areas with intensive tourism development activities, has been very significant, and the rice terraces show a decreasing trend.

They have a clear trend of growth in the number of papers published in recent years, especially PLOS ONE and JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH who have published the largest number of papers in the past two years.

In addition, intensity–duration–frequency of high PM2.5 concentration (lasts over 90 μg/m 3 in 2 h) showed an increasing trend [ 8 ].

The impact coefficient and the influence intensity exhibited an increasing trend from southwest to northeast.

Spatial Change in Land Use From 2008 to 2017, the overall land use change on Hainan Island showed a trend of cultivated land and built-up area increasing and forest land decreasing.

The landscape shape index of cultivated land was significantly higher than that of other land use types and showed an increasing trend overall, which indicated that the patch shape of cultivated land was becoming more complex.

These showed a decreasing trend overall, indicating that the aggregation of landscape patches in Hainan Island continued to weaken and the fragmentation degree increased.

The total number of annual papers fluctuated between the decades but increased from 20 in 2012 to 122 in 2021 and showed an increasing trend.

The Leaf Scale Since the plants were in the growing season, the chlorophyll content in the natural area showed an increasing trend during the investigation period.

Hence, it is extremely significant to monitor industrial land and intra-structure dynamics for industrial land management and industry transformation, but it is still a challenging task to effectively distinguish the internal structure of industrial land at a fine scale.

As illustrated in Figure 11 , the industrial intensity showed an increasing trend from the central urban area to rural areas, which indicated that the industrial size was increasing and the distribution was more centralized at the urban fringes.

The results showed that the HSDI of the BTH urban agglomeration increased and the overall sustainability improved; economic and social sustainability had an increasing trend, but environmental sustainability exhibited a downward tendency.

Therefore, oxidation of pyrite leads to elevated SO 4 2− in goaf water. (6) FeS 2 + 7 2 O 2 + H 2 O → Fe 2 + + 2 SO 4 2 − + 2 H + According to the changes of the conventional indexes of the goaf water in Section 4.2 , it can be seen that the pH, DO, and ORP of the goaf water show a decreasing trend with time.

Studies on carbon productivity changes in the spatial dimension have generally concluded that there are spatial differences in carbon productivity, with a decreasing trend in a stepwise manner in the eastern, central, and western regions of China [ 24 , 25 ].

With ICT manufacturing and service industries showing a clear trend of co-agglomeration in space, it has enormously contributed to economic development and environmental quality improvement.

From Figure 3 , we find that environmental regulations in the East, Central, and West regions all show an increasing trend, which indirectly indicates the role of the “race to the top” among environmental regulations.

Concerning the CDR, like the CIR, it generally showed a trend of first falling and then rising (AAPC = 2.5), initially decreasing from 1990 to 1993, then beginning to significantly rise from 1993 to 1998, followed by a sharp climb from 1998 to 2001 (AAPC = 7.9) and an upward trend thereafter.