Excerpts

Against this backdrop, universities across the country have expanded their enrollment scales, with arts programs—including vocal music majors—showing a marked trend of year-on-year growth in student intake ( Huo and Jing, 2022 ).

Furthermore, one of the most compelling findings of the current study is that while the two-way interaction between Content and Outcome was not statistically significant on its own, the three-way interaction including match Stage (Stage × Content × Outcome) emerged as highly significant.

Overall, the development of AI literacy research shows a clear trend—from constructing conceptual frameworks to implementing curricula across educational stages and developing assessment tools.

For PML, both groups showed an increasing trend that stabilized after the intervention ( Figure 4a ).

At the measurement model level, the loadings for the five sub-dimensions of teacher personality traits are all highly significant; notably, Openness (β = 0.919), Conscientiousness (β = 0.939), and Agreeableness (β = 0.967) show particularly prominent performance, which strongly affirms the integrity of the theoretical framework.

Data from the World Health Organization show that a significant proportion of adolescents aged 10–19 worldwide are affected by anxiety disorders, with the incidence showing an increasing trend year by year.

Research on the relationship between digital literacy and university students’ academic performance indicates a moderately significant positive correlation, with satisfactory heterogeneity test results and no publication bias ( Ardhiani et al., 2023 ).

Furthermore, there may be significant group differences in teachers’ autonomous learning ability.

Meanwhile, although this effect is highly significant statistically, from the perspective of effect size, it is only at a medium level ( Cohen, 1988 ), indicating that organizational support is not the only or decisive factor for professional recognition.

The pattern of results for Social Skills, Communication, and Attention to Detail remained unchanged, with the latter’s standardized coefficient remaining positive and marginally significant.

(2023) also confirmed a highly significant positive effect of self-concept on students’ employability-that is, the stronger a student’s self-concept, the higher their employability.

According to the critical review by Tang (2019) on attitudes toward work in Chinese Generation Z, there has been a significant trend toward individualism, while Confucian cultural roots remain strong in this population.

Co-bathing showed a marginal effect ( β = 0.60, p = 0.06), indicating a trend toward significance but not reaching conventional thresholds.

Pairwise comparisons, using one-tailed tests given the directional predictions, yielded two nominally significant results.

First, AI involvement in digital cultural learning has become a clear trend, and related research has moved from technological presentation toward cultural value, cultural identity, and long-term participation.

In summary, although there was a slight trend toward baseline differences among children of different left-behind types, the chained mediation pathway through which physical exercise is associated with mental health demonstrated stability across groups, and conducting a combined overall mediation analysis is both scientifically sound and reasonable.

For purity, the omnibus effect was not reliable, with only a weak trend separating the unpleasant and pleasant conditions.

The significance level was set at α ≤ 0.05, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant and p < 0.01 considered highly significant.

3.2.4 Summary of narrative findings Across the three comparator categories, combined treatment (rTMS + CBT/iCBT/MBCT) generally showed a trend toward better outcomes than each single-treatment approach.

After controlling for gender, age, age squared, education, Communist Party membership, marital status, log household income, and region fixed effects, the coefficient of political participation is 0.121 and remains highly significant at the 1% level.

However, the inclusion of the targeted gender belief dimensions in the final block (Block 3) produced highly significant overall models for both emotion regulation strategies.

In that study, the amplitude of the ERAN was slightly smaller when elicited during the presentation of phrase-structure violations occurring in sentences (compared to when elicited during correct sentences); this effect was, however, only marginally significant.

These experiments were sensitive enough to yield a highly significant repetition effect in Experiment 2.

Following common parlance in the literature, we refer to statistical findings with p -values of between 0.05 and 0.10 as “marginally significant.” To obtain the delta plots, the RTs for each participant and distractor type were rank ordered and divided in five RT quintiles (bins) of equal or near-equal size.

We believe that what led our L2 → L1 effects to be highly significant was a combination of the large statistical power we had (36 participants/group and 58 items/condition) and of the lexical characteristics of the test items.