Excerpts

On all tests p < 0.05 was considered significant and 0.05 < p < 0.1 a trend toward significance.

When excluding chapters 5 and 6 from the graphical analyses of Functions achieved, it is observed that all groups showed an increasing trend in this measure throughout the intervention.

The cue-locked ERPs showed marginally significant n-2 repetition effects, whereas the stimulus-locked ERP data showed that a greater negative ERP component was elicited by n-2 repetition trials than by n-2 switch trials around 250 ms after stimulus onset, which is similar to the N2 component, as the index of inhibition of the non-target language, which has been reported in previous ERP studies on bilingual language production.

We observed that the increment of the cognitive load within the different conditions of the task worsened the performance of both groups, without a significantly greater number of errors being made by ADHD participants when the difficulty of the task increased, although there was a significant trend.

The increasing trend of results of Narrative Functions, from LuDiCa (when chapters 5 and 6 are disregarded), was an expected trend, as narrative comprehension increases with reader proficiency ( Rogoski, 2024 ).

Regarding gender differences, the larger Cohen’s d values presented by the independent samples t -test (ranging from 7.731 to 31.290) suggest that there may be a trend toward practically significant differences between genders.

Furthermore, a significant main effect of ethnic value grouping was observed on the MEE and MEIH dimensions, with a marginally significant effect on the MEC dimension.

However, the changing pattern observed in our study diverges from previous literature, where the use of hedges, boosters, and attitude markers in the Discussion sections of Applied Linguistics articles showed a decreasing trend ( Rezaei et al., 2021 ), or fluctuations in the case of boosters ( Xie et al., 2024 ).

This result strongly suggests that when self-efficacy crosses the critical point (44) into the high-efficacy region, its independent contribution to satisfaction reaches saturation or even shows a slight trend of marginal diminishing returns, while work passion becomes a relatively more dominant driving factor.

In Table 5 , the effect of Tempo on secondary genres was only marginally significant, whereas Danceability was highly significant.

Intriguingly, our study also revealed that the TCC group showed marginally significant better performance than the control group.

This non-significant but consistent trend can be observed in several key comparisons Chinese square dance showed a trend towards superiority over control group (SMD = −0.90 [95% CI: −2.67, 0.86]), creative dance also trended favorably against control group (SMD = −0.41 [95% CI: −2.92, 2.10]), Poco Poco dance demonstrated the strongest trend versus control group (SMD = −1.58 [95% CI: −5.09, 1.93]).

However, it should be stressed that our findings only show a positive trend and thus should not be evidence.

STAI scores were relatively stable, with mean scores around 10 to 11 at all timepoints, while PSS scores showed an increasing trend from pregnancy (M = 12.89) to 3 years postpartum (M = 17.30), suggesting that perceived stress rises during the early parenting period.

Moreover, perceived stress (significantly) and negative affectivity (close to significance level) in the first trimester positively predicted maternal disgust sensitivity in the first trimester.

However, this feature was only marginally significant.

Nevertheless, visual inspection suggested a weak trend ( Figure 3A ), which may be worth exploring in future studies with larger samples.

Although the indirect effect was only marginally significant, this result suggests that self-verification can at least in part explain the delayed update of the prediction outcome of negative self-reference in individuals with depressive symptoms.

In the L2 orthography condition, a MMN-N400 complex (i.e., deviancy effect) was found in the high L2 proficiency bilinguals, but only a marginally significant reduced negativity in an early time window was found in the low L2 proficiency bilinguals.

Based on power of 0.80 and alpha set at 0.05 (two-tailed), this sample size was adequately powered to detect a small effect size (Cohen’s d > 0.38) corresponding with what Ferguson (2009) classified as ‘minimal effect size representing a practically significant effect for social science data.’ Participants ( n = 175) were aged between 21 and 80 years old ( M = 37.13, SD = 12.69), and tended to be GPs/physicians (48.5%), clinical dieticians (21.7%), or medical students (9.7%), with small numbers of registrars, nurses, psychologists, and psychiatrists.

One tentative explanation for this marginal significance could relate to the operationalization of the CDMD scale in this study, which was assessed based on individuals’ “existing career goals or plans” and “ongoing behaviors or thoughts” related to career decisions ( Du and Long, 2006 ; Liu, 2008 ).

The posttest showed a highly significant higher performance improvement than the classically training group.

The near-significant p -value for 3-pts score could warrant further investigation with larger samples or more statistical power. 5.

In this highly significant passage, Freud abandoned his traditional reductionist perspective to embrace a Lamarkian and anti-reductionist approach 9 .

While low-intensity activities appeared to show a favorable trend, this finding should be interpreted with caution, given the limited number of studies and differences in study design.