Excerpts

Statistical analysis revealed highly significant circadian rhythms in 2010 and 2011, and no significant rhythms in 2012 and 2013 ( Table 3 ; Figure 8 ).

Several DEGs showed a trend of increasing and decreasing.

Highly significant differences in GL were detected between different haplotypes at five candidate genes ( Os03g0392000, Os03g0392250, Os03g0392300, Os03g0392400 , and Os03g0392600 ), and in all the five cases, significantly reduced GL was associated with the minor allele(s) (Figure 3A and Supplementary Table S2 ), as originally detected in the peak SNP (Table 2 ).

The green cotyledon rates of srp1-1 and srp1-2 were significantly higher than WT from the seventh day to the eleventh day when 1 μM exogenous ABA was applied, and the difference between mutants and WT was extremely significant from the ninth day to the eleventh day ( Figure 5B ).

Furthermore, AP673L LED pre-cultivated seedlings had the highest DQI and highly significant differences were found with all LEDs ( Figure 6 ).

angiosperm trees arbuscular mycorrhiza ectomycorrhiza fine root traits gymnosperm trees precision foraging root economics spectrum root order Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 10.13039/501100001659 ME 4156/2-1 Georg-August-Universität Göttingen 10.13039/501100003385 Phylogenetic Signal in Root and Leaf Traits In a comparison of the two investigated phylogenetic groups (gymnosperms and angiosperms) it appears that there was a highly significant influence by phylogenetic group affiliation on the mean root diameters of all roots and on the root tissue densities of lower order roots: gymnosperms had a higher mean root diameter 1-5 (0.53 vs. 0.39 mm) and a higher root tissue density 1+2 (0.24 vs. 0.15–0.18 g cm -3 ) than angiosperm tree species ( Table 1 ).

Fixed effects Location (Loc) and sampling date per location [HD(Loc)] showed highly significant impacts on all traits analyzed (Table 4 ).

In Niger, there was a clear trend of increasing pod yield with increasing densities, although the effect differed between genotypes.

P < 0.01 was considered highly significant.

These populations with a wider genetic base may be significant to adapt future scenarios and used as source material for germplasm banks and/or nurseries (Poudel et al., 2014 ).

This faster downregulation of PYL4 is particularly marked in Ortrugo cultivar, in which the highly significant increase in ripening parameters in both years suggests that the ripening process in this cultivar started much earlier than in the other cultivars in the berries after treatment.

In fact, after removing that population from analyses, the relationships between SLA, leaf thickness and N mass became significant or marginally significant and similar to the patterns observed in the greenhouse (Figure 4 ).

Except for the gene GTP , F ST values for cpDNA and the other two nuclear genes ranged from 0.286 to 0.998 ( Table 1 ), indicating highly significant genetic differentiation among C. segmentifida populations.

In conclusion, in the present study, we identified 42 SNP markers highly significant associated with salt-tolerance traits.

In case of phosphorylated metabolites there was an increasing trend in the concentration of fructose-6- phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and myo-inositol-phosphate to 3.9-, 3.3-, and 1.9-folds, respectively.

We observed a highly significant genetics-driven increase in seed yield per - se and, thus, increased NUE at both NFLs.

Gene co-expression analysis of 147 highly significant genes (logFC ± 2, logCPM ≥ 5, and FDR ≤ 0.05) resulted in top 28 genes with largest difference (Additional Files 5 , 6 ).

However, the data showed an increasing trend in both SOC and total N contents with NT soybean–maize rotation and intercropping compared with CT plots.

Quantitative image analysis showed a highly significant increase in H3K9me2 signal during pollen development, with low signal intensity in vacuolated microspore nuclei (1.27 ± 0.44 fluorescence arbitrary units) and much higher signal in sperm nuclei of tricellular pollen (21.40 ± 2.05 fluorescence a.u.) ( Figure 5A ).

The following were the observational results: First, a sharp increase occurred after the IM stage; a peaking occurred at the MG stage; and then a decreasing trend was observed.

This effect of rainfall exclusion on the more integrative δ 13 C-derived iWUE was, however, less evident in instantaneous gas exchange measurements, which only showed marginally significant differences between treatments in A and g s .

As for K + contents, the NaCl treatment led to a significant drop or slight decline in the roots of empty vector-transformed or PgTIP1- transformed composite plants, respectively, but K + contents in the stems and leaves of both soybean plants showed an increasing trend, and those of PgTIP1- transformed plants were evidently higher than the empty vector-transformed plants ( Figure 3B ).

Four structural genes, including NtPAL, NtC4H, Nt4CL , and NtFLS were almost significantly down-regulated in all three treated samples, particularly in EsTT8 + EsMYB9 co-transformed sample, compared to the control sample transiently transformed by the empty vector ( Figure 5C ).

In +LTS samples, total FAA generally exhibited a decreasing trend after recovery, although changes of Arg and Pro in +LTS samples varied with species and N treatment.

Genome wide association analysis The subsequent GWAS of the CC scores for both years revealed highly significant and consistent associations with markers.