Excerpts

Pearson correlation analysis ( Figure 2 ) showed that luminosity (L*) exhibited a strong and highly significant positive correlation with chroma and hue angle, indicating that increases in L* are directly associated with greater color intensity and uniformity.

Total phenolic compounds ( Figure 4 C) showed an increasing trend during storage for all treatments.

It exhibited a highly significant sequential p -value (<0.0001) and a non-significant lack-of-fit ( p = 0.4102 > 0.05), indicating that this model accurately captures the data variation without substantial residual error.

[ 77 ] also observed an increasing trend of total flavanols and antioxidant activity in ‘Baigent’ apples by application of preharvest split application of a plant growth regulator.

Additionally, the results showed a trend where SRU supplementation increased intramuscular fat content.

In terms of temporal evolution, from 2035 to 2050, there is an overall trend of stable aggregation positions with slight adjustments in the range of aggregation.

The predicted population shows an increasing trend year by year, but it is expected to stabilize by 2035.

Under such conditions, a locally specialized and relatively single agricultural production structure has become increasingly unable to satisfy diversified urban food demand, and some large- and medium-sized cities have become more dependent on imports and extra-local supply for important agricultural products, showing a clear trend toward the delocalization of food systems [ 32 ].

While no statistically significant differences were detected between corresponding NEF and EF fractions, likely due to variability within the data, a decreasing trend in antioxidant activity was observed in EF F2 and EF F3.

For instance, while Vanilnoir and Peralba showed marked improvements in antioxidant capacity upon fractionation, Purendo displayed a decrease in TEAC values from white flour to F250 and G250 fractions, an unexpected trend that may reflect the predominant accumulation of anthocyanins in the aleurone layer, where phenolic compounds are less extractable or more tightly bound to the cell wall matrix, potentially limiting their recovery and interfering with antioxidant assays.

Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05, with p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 indicating highly significant differences. 2.4.2.

In the high-yielding areas of central and eastern Hunan, mean agricultural carbon intensity peaked in both 2008 and 2017, with cities such as Changsha, Loudi, and Hengyang seeing notable increases between 2002 and 2008 as agricultural intensification advanced—Changsha’s agricultural carbon intensity, for instance, rose from approximately 4.17 t/ha in 2002 to 4.64 t/ha in 2008, before declining steadily by a cumulative 12.8% through 2016 and stabilizing at a relatively low level thereafter, a pattern consistent with the MK test’s finding of a highly significant downward trend.

However, MUFA levels showed a clear trend toward higher values in free-range yolks.

subtilis alone showed a decreasing trend during the whole storage period ( Figure 6 f).

As shown in Figure 4 , at concentrations ranging from 0.3125 to 5.0 mg/mL, the viability of RAW 264.7 cells remained above 100% and exhibited an increasing trend, reaching 109.65 ± 1.12% at the highest concentration.

Statistical significance was defined at p < 0.05, with p < 0.01 indicating a significant difference and p < 0.001 indicating a highly significant difference. 3.

Flavonoid content showed highly significant correlations with sinigrin ( r = 0.98) and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin contents ( r = 0.96).

Additionally, the b * values of the control and scallion white extract groups showed an increasing trend, whereas the ginger extract group exhibited no significant variation. 3.6.2.

Comparison with commercial enological tannins showed an unexpected trend.

The levels of shikimic acid and citric acid displayed a notable trend of initial increase followed by a decrease with maturity, peaking at 3.43 mg/100 g and 1.32 mg/100 g during the D3 and D4 stages, respectively.

All three elements show statistically significant differences among site categories ( p < 0.05), indicating a decreasing trend across site categories arranged along the pollution gradient.

Concerning bitter and aromatic amino acids, compared with T0, organic substitution treatments showed a decreasing trend in the contents of all relevant amino acid monomers in yellow tea.

Iridoids, characteristic of Lonicera species, demonstrated organ-specific accumulation in the reproductive organs, with an increasing trend following flowering.

It should be noted that the moisture absorbers did not consistently reduce phenolic content during storage; however, a decreasing trend was observed for most phenolic compounds (TPC, TNFC, caffeoylmalic and chlorogenic acid).

Astragaloside I exhibited a decreasing trend throughout fermentation, with its initial concentration of 0.493 mg·g −1 becoming nearly undetectable.