Excerpts

The difference in change in BMI z-score over-time between INT and COMP was not statistically significant (− 0.08, 95%CI -0.24 – 0.08, p = 0.31). Change in HRQoL A decreasing trend on CHU9D utilities was observed for both INT (0.804 baseline, 0.792 final; adjusted difference = − 0.012, p = 0.139) and COMP (0.820 baseline, 0.766 final; adjusted difference = − 0.054, p < 0.001).

Conversely, obtaining antibiotics from official sources showed a nonsignificant trend toward a negative association with strong BI (aOR = 0.16, p = 0.142) [Table 3 ].

Of these, age (p < 0.05), gender (more women than men, Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 1.97 95% CI 1.49-2.62, p < 0.001) smoking status (non smokers than smokers) and education (a clear trend, the higher the level of education, the more likely they would agree that parental smoking influences children smoking, p = 0.18, pt < 0.05) were associated with the belief that parental smoking influences children in the household to smoke.

Comparison with other incidence data Sero-incidence and incidence of reported cases showed a trend towards an inverse correlation (Spearman’s rho = −0.5, p = 0.2; Figure 2 ).

Marginally significant variables with p < 0.20 in univariate analysis were included in multivariate analysis.

Only possibly significant explanatory variables ( P < 0.20) in the initial age-adjusted models were included for the multivariate models: Higher age, company, smoking status (previous or current regular smoker), high alcohol intake, poor baseline medical condition (sports injury during last month, sum factor of earlier musc

High-impact exercise showed a trend towards a protective effect in non-menopausal women (OR = 0.468, 95% CI: 0.136–1.614, P = 0.230), although this was not statistically significant.

After July 2016, we observed an increasing trend in the monthly number of live births, with a level change of 12,859 (95% confidence interval (CI) –12,300 to 38,100) ( p = 0.277).

For rural women, there was an increasing trend for the concentration index of prenatal visits ( P = 0.471), from 0.017 (95% CI: -0.012, 0.471) before reform to 0.029 (95% CI: 0.013, 0.045) post health system reform.

Results also showed a nearly significant difference in the IFB scores between mothers younger than 35 years and those aged 35 years or more ( p = 0.53).

On the other hand, the prevalence of acute dengue in children living in urban areas, 5.9% (35/590) (Bafia, Edea, Yaoundé, Douala, Bangangté, Foumban and Dschang) was significantly not different ( p = 0.7357) from that of the subjects living in semi-urban areas, 6.5% (24/371) (Table 2 ).

The age effect in serious injury is highly significant for males victims ( χ 9 2 = 7266 , p -value < 1 0 − 4 ), with serious injury rates ranging from 12% in younger and 31% in older subjects, and for females victims ( χ 9 2 = 3818 , p-value < 1 0 − 4 ), with serious injury rates ranging from 10% in younger and 24% in older subjects.

Results The likelihood of developing diabetes increases with age (Figure 1 ) and over time, with an increasing trend in the prevalence of diabetes within each age group.

The rate was significantly higher in truck drivers and showed an increasing trend with age (Table 2 ).

These data suggest that FSWs' non-commercial partners may be significant drivers of HIV/STI acquisition.

Although it is difficult to see a clear trend from these national data, rates look to have increased slightly since 2000.

Discussion A positive trend of caries prevalence over a period 1994–2010 was observed both for national monitoring and smaller epidemiological studies.

In a series of IHIS studies conducted over years 1994–2006, a significant trend of declining mean dmft and mean dt value per child and increasing trend of percentage of caries-free children was observed (p < 0.05).

In boys, participation in social activities was significantly positively associated with z-scores of BMI and WC and near-significant with z-scores of WHR in adulthood (Additional file 1 : Table S4 and Table S5).

There was a borderline significant interaction between caregiving status and age on the outcome of alcohol consumption (p interaction = 0.09), with older caregivers having greater odds than non-caregivers of reporting low/moderate alcohol consumption.

The associations between health and voluntary job mobility were not significant, but burnout was close to significance (OR 1.02, CI 1.00–1.04).

Voluntary job mobility and health Despite using instruments that were expected to capture the spectrum from good health to bad health, the associations between health and voluntary job mobility did not quite reach significance.

Despite the disappearance of significant differences after additional adjustment for lean mass (model 2) (partial corr, -0.150; p=0.058) and MVPA (model 3) (partial corr, -0.152; p=0.056), there was a trend toward significance in both models.

The trend in the prevalence of insomnia was slightly u-shaped; a decreasing trend was seen after the study period 1979–1982, but then the prevalence began to increase again in the latest study periods (Figure 1 ).

There was a moderately significant gender difference in talking with friends about contraception, showing males were more likely to talk with friends about contraception (57.4%) than females (40.4%).