Excerpts

Our observation of an increasing trend in BMI over time is consistent with previous research, although the magnitude of the BMI increase differs between countries.

For women the greatest reductions in obesity are seen in the lowest income groups and for men the greatest reductions in obesity are in the highest income group, with a positive trend across the income groups (Table 4 ).

There was a significant trend in our data towards increased risk of delay with older age.

The overall picture is similar for men, though a distinct peak is not observed; a positive trend is observed up to the age of 35, after which the growth slows and plateaus until age 60, at which point the trend finally becomes negative, as it does for women.

Relative socioeconomic inequalities in obesity measured by level of education did not show a clear trend.

Here the coefficient for 5 or more years in ovens, estimating a relative risk of 1.81, in isolation would be considered statistically significant, but the evidence for an overall trend is of borderline statistical significance.

There was no evidence of increased risks with continuous BSM exposure; indeed, the coefficient of BSM exposure was negative, though nowhere near statistical significance.

With grouped exposures, at face value the coefficient for the highest exposure suggests a 50% increase in lung cancer risk compared to the unexposed reference group; and a ratio of the estimate to its standard error of 2.27, treated in isolation as a t-statistic, would be statistically highly significant.

The prevalence of HIV among MSM in India is showing an increasing trend, including newly recognized populations of MSM in the low HIV prevalence states [ 4 ].

The present study showed a trend consistent with prevalence estimates of mental health problems among adolescents in Vietnam and in Western countries.

Table 4 presents the descriptive statistics of the sedentary behaviours used in the cluster analysis for each cluster in the units of hours per week, and the highly significant differences reflect the cluster solution derived from the ordinal transformation of the data, as expected.

The effect of thinking FGC is harmful or not was highly significant in this study.

Women living in the most deprived neighborhoods presented a marginally non-significant increase in the daily consumption of fruits and vegetables and decrease in leisure-time physical activity levels.

Increasing frequency of child-reported negative experiences was associated with caregiver indication of child bullying for the items: “Tried to get you into trouble with your friends,” “Made fun of you for some reason,” and “Punched, kicked, or beat you up.” “Hurt you physically in any other way” was marginally insignificant.

At the time of the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011, influenza A (H3N2) was still circulating, and there was an increasing trend of influenza B toward April 2011, both nationwide [ 13 ] and in the affected areas [ 14 , 15 ].

In addition, marginal significance was reached for elevated risks for asthma, wheezing symptoms, and phlegm without colds among boys in HPD (adjusted ORs: 1.71-2.82), as well as chronic cough among girls in HPD (OR adj. = 2.03, 95% CI: 0.88-4.70).

The Bartlett’s test of sphericity was 1593 and significant at p < 0.001, which indicated a highly significant correlation among the survey questions.

In the same model, male employees had a borderline significant decrease in risk of reportable injury compared to females (HR 0.74 (CI 0.55, 1.00, p-value 0.05).

There were also highly significant increases in the prevalence of hypertension and raised cholesterol associated with increasing BMI in both genders.

As can be seen, the number of working conditions modified by the intervention tends to be associated with increased intervention success (even though only marginally significant, OR = 2.71, 95% CI 0.94 – 11.12).

There were no significant treatment effects identified in the intervention school children’s mean psychosocial scale QOL and mean overall QOL compared to the control school (Table 3 and Figure 2 ), however trends suggest a treatment effect of borderline significance from baseline to post-test (7 weeks) (Table 3 ).

The age-group and hyperlipidema stratified analyses displayed in Models 3, 4, and 5 of Table 2 and Figures 2 and 3 showed a strong, and highly significant protective effect of marital status only among men and women aged 28–59 with hyperlipidemia.

There was a significant trend for decreasing levels of mental retardation and for an increasing proportion of males, suggesting that clinical presentation became less severe over time.

Our study highlights three main risks: i) We observed an increased risk of overall stroke mortality with increasing arsenic concentration in drinking water, with a significant trend test and risks in the range of 1.03-1.75 for the high arsenic groups ii) These risks were particularly marked in women rather than men and iii) These risks were also particularly marked for outcomes coded as sequelae of stroke, with increased risks, e.g. 1.64 (95% CI: 1.08-2.53) even at arsenic concentrations of 10-50 μg/L which are within the WHO permissible limit.

In addition, mean differences for these analyses were considered borderline significant if p-value was between .01 and .05.