Excerpts

In contrast, the levels of DHJA ( Figure 5 d) and mannose ( Figure 5 e) displayed a decreasing trend over time in both genotypes under salt stress.

Regarding stem diameter, except for AL and DF310, the other four cultivars (ZM3, ZL2, QJ, and GN4) showed a decreasing trend under DS, with reductions of 15.75% (ZM3), 46.42% (ZL2), 14.19% (QJ), and 36.19% (GN4).

In most of our samples, as well as in the average values, a clear trend in biflavonoid concentrations was observed: amentoflavone < bilobetin < ginkgetin < isoginkgetin < sciadopitysin, which is consistent with literature data [ 14 , 28 ].

Moreover, CM17-2 exhibited highly significant differences from B73 in plant height, internode length, and ear height, and a significant difference in stem diameter.

Despite the absence of an overall trend, substantial variability was observed among clones, suggesting strong genotype-specific responses.

As shown in Table 2 , with the increase in nitrogen content, the contents of soil total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 − -N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO 2 − -N) all showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.

It can be seen from Figure 3 that with the increase in soil nitrogen content, the soil urease activity (UE) and neutral protease activity (NPA) in the treatment without biochar addition both showed a decreasing trend.

ranged from 4.66 to 11.87 g per pot, with a decreasing trend as PE application rates increased.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed highly significant effects of genotype (Cv), environment (E), and their interaction (Cv × E) for almost all traits studied ( Table 1 ).

A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and p < 0.01 and < 0.001 were considered highly significant.

Concurrently, soluble sugar and soluble protein contents showed an increasing trend under 0.05% PE treatment, with soluble sugar increasing by 41.6% compared with CK.

Two levels of correlation were set, with p < 0.05 indicating a significant correlation and p < 0.01 indicating a highly significant correlation. 4.11.

Furthermore, Table 4 and Table 5 display the overall effect (χ 2 ) of the species variable on the content of the different compound classes, indicating that species had a highly significant effect on all analyzed compound classes as a result of the type II ANOVA.

During fruit development, biochemical quality traits showed an increasing trend, while several bioactive compounds (total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and vitamin C) exhibited a decreasing trend towards maturity.

Based on the values of average annual air temperatures and average annual precipitation in the Banja Luka area ( Figure 6 ), recorded over the past 15 years (2010–2024), there is a clear trend of increasing average annual air temperatures since 2010, with the maximum value recorded in 2024 (14.3 °C).

For total chlorophyll, Chl (a + b), statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among groups; however, an increasing trend was observed in the MgSO 4 and Bulk treatments.

Total protein content decreased significantly under the Bulk treatment (by 26%) and showed a decreasing trend in variants with 75–200 mg L −1 MgO-NPs (by 12% and 18%, respectively).

The results indicated a decreasing trend in leaf PTS content under Cd exposure, although the changes were not statistically significant.

In this study, a highly significant positive correlation was observed between REC and MDA content, suggesting that membrane lipid peroxidation may contribute to low-temperature injury.

The Pearson correlation analysis in this study showed positive and highly significant associations between the vegetative variables, highlighting the codependency between LW and LL (r = 0.99), as well as of the PH with the LL (r = 0.94) and the LW (r = 0.94) ( Figure 1 ).

We verified that the heartwood diameter growth rate shows an increasing trend throughout the stand’s development.

Both observed and simulated values showed a decreasing trend with increasing irrigation-water salinity (I0–I4).

In recent years, with the expansion of sugarcane planting scale and the frequent circulation of seedlings, SCWLD has shown an increasing trend of occurrence on Hainan Island, posing a serious threat to the sugarcane industry.

Overall, the comparison between 2023 and 2024 showed a clear trend: in all three mixture types, the proportion of legumes increased markedly, while the share of grasses declined accordingly.

As the growth stage progressed, the rolling rates of the top three leaves of ST-12 showed a decreasing trend, and there was no significant difference between the two nitrogen levels ( Figure 2 C,E). 2.3.2.