Excerpts

Whilst normally counterbalanced by effects of endogenous antioxidants, the role of exogenous antioxidants may be significant [ 30 ]; ensuring sufficient intakes of dietary antioxidants in older age, such as carotenoids and selenium, may therefore offer protection against oxidative damage to muscle tissue.

Nutrient Intake and Growth During the intervention period, the two groups received comparable mean daily feeding volumes while the PTF group received significantly lower daily amounts of HMF, and protein, and lower energy of marginal significance compared to the FF group.

In addition, German and Australian studies observed a decreasing trend in PUFA intake among adolescents [ 18 , 19 ].

Even though marginally significant, the association was among two mechanisms mediating the SES disparity in central adiposity [ 46 ].

Changes in hydrogen peroxide and superoxide showed a positive trend in the older group, but not the younger group.

The correlation between daily sodium intake and daily calorie intake was highly significant ( Figure 1 ).

A decreasing trend in the gut microbiota diversity in the placebo and synbiotic groups was observed at the end of trial, which may imply the effect of the high-protein low-carbohydrate diet used in the weight loss program.

Introduction An increasing trend toward plant-based diets and, in particular, vegan diets was observed in developed countries over the last few years [ 1 , 2 ].

No significant difference in these percentages ( p = 0.13) was observed among the districts, though a decreasing trend in moderate insufficiency was noted on moving from Genoa to Savona and the other districts.

However, although there was a clear trend toward an increased incidence of EDIF with lower serum 25(OH)D, no statistically significant difference was found among the three groups with different vitamin D status.

In the larger study, in both healthy and CKD patients there was a highly significant effect on body weight reduction and improved body composition seen through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bio-impedance analysis (BIA) between the two time points (end of conventional MD and end of organic MD).

Our children’s diets, on the contrary, showed a more appropriate intake of saturated and unsaturated fat after gluten exclusion with a favorable trend of the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio.

Interestingly, BPA administration alone (without OVA) resulted in the marginally significant elevation of IL-33 protein serum, further demonstrating its systemic potential ( Figure 4 C).

Additionally, significant (or nearly significant) interactions of neonatal treatments with the type of diet affecting Slc27a1 methylation were detected (TxD interactions).

The influence of caffeine on dopamine activity may be significant in AD and PD [ 19 , 160 ].

Although there was a limited number of studies per year, there seemed to be an increasing trend, which has reverted recently.

Subgroup analyses by age at baseline showed a trend towards a greater reduction in the risk of anemia among younger (1–5-month and 6–11-month age groups), as compared to older (24–59-month), children, though the test for subgroup differences was not significant ( p for subgroup differences = 0.22).

Furthermore, a marginally significant p -value was found with respect to socioeconomic status.

Secondary analysis also showed a slight trend between low socioeconomic status and poorer language skills.

In this current research, we found a decreasing trend in NEMI throughout the individual pregnancy periods.

Among these genera, Alistipes showed a highly significant inverse association with body fat mass and was also inversely correlated to cholesterol levels and insulin resistance in our cohort.

[ 38 ] found that particular genetic variants (vitamin D single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) had nominally significant associations with both SBP and DBP.

The unsaponifiable fraction of the CBS fat is formed by compounds such as phytosterols, of which stigmasterol would be the predominant one, while cholesterol concentrations are almost insignificant when compared to those of cocoa beans [ 26 ].

HP treatment showed a trend towards an increase in the concentration of acetic acid in male mice.

Differences between the three CHO groups showed a trend towards statistical significance with lower total cholesterol levels in group 1 compared to the other two groups (group 2 vs. 1: 0.28 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.02 to 0.57 mmol/L, p = 0.066; group 3 vs. 1: 0.30 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.05 to 0.65 mmol/L, p = 0.086, Supplementary Figures S1A and S2B ).