Excerpts

Although there were no statistically significant changes in skin hydration between the treatment and placebo group after 12 weeks of supplementation, a decreasing trend for hydration was observed in both groups throughout the study period, which can be most likely attributed to seasonal variations.

However, 3′-FL reached its maximum concentration in 6-month mature milk, and reflected an increasing trend.

A decreasing trend in the concentration of 2′-FL, LNT, LNnT, especially from 1 to 2 months, was observed by Sprenger et al.

Educational Level and Malnutrition/Malnutrition Risk Of the 31 studies that evaluated educational level, 15 established significant relationships with regard to malnutrition or malnutrition risk [ 14 , 22 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 35 , 39 , 41 , 42 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 49 , 52 , 53 ], two suggested a significant trend [ 30 , 44 ], and 14 did not present significant differences [ 13 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 24 , 26 , 29 , 33 , 36 , 37 , 43 , 48 , 51 ] ( Table S2 ).

The primary endpoint of a significant reduction in terms of ARR was not met, whereas a slight trend of ARR reduction, better MRI outcomes and lower progression of EDSS was reported in the vitamin D group.

A two-sided P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and a P < 0.10 (borderline significant) suggestive of a trend for treatment effect.

Women who exclusively breastfed for 180 days had a marginally significant lower PWR mean of 1.84 kg (95% CI = 1.77–1.90) compared to women who did so for 150 days (1.98 kg, 95% CI = 1.92–2.03).

Because highly significant differences were observed in energy and macronutrient intake between the first and second nightshifts, all nurses were also analysed as a combined group (as “All 2-Night Group”) for differences in these variables.

The difference was borderline significant for distal radius total BMD shown as Z-score (index controlled for sex and age) and significant for diaphyseal radius cortical BMD.

The FOS effects were clearly positive in increasing the content of both Bifidobacterium and Lactobacilli, while for AOS there was a positive trend, but the evidence was not so strong.

P value < 0.05 was considered significant, and P values between 0.05 and 0.1 were considered as marginally significant for interaction analysis. 3.

However, while the overall results suggested a decreased risk of developing CD of almost 20% for those exposed prenatally to the extra vitamin D from mandatory fortification, the association was only borderline significant possibly due to the small number of cases with CD.

Despite these recommendations, the importance of vitamin D is rising and parallels an increasing trend in its testing (albeit with a significant healthcare cost) [ 22 , 23 ].

Handgrip Strength There was a decreasing trend of non-dominant handgrip strength from 25.17 ± 7.46 kg at the beginning, 25.06 ± 8.26 kg in the middle, to 24.45 ± 7.97 kg at end of treatment ( Table 3 ).

This study has shown that body weight, muscle mass, fat mass, dietary energy and protein intake followed a decreasing trend along the treatment, while the PG-SGA score, NIS score, and ONS energy and protein intake followed an increasing trend ( Table 3 ).

It can be expected that the share of water in the supply of essential microelements will increase, first, due to dietary guidelines worldwide (as well as in Poland), which encourage people to replace sweet drinks with water, with tap water being better chosen instead of bottled water (sustainable consumption), and second, data from household budget surveys in Poland show an increasing trend in mineral and spring waters consumption.

In particular, a recent survey performed in Italy confirmed that the value of sales of the organic foods follows a positive trend [ 6 ].

Overall fatty acid intakes tended to decrease by dietary TAC due to low fat content of high TAC foods, but a decreasing trend of red and processed meat intake by dietary TAC was observed as all DQIS except HEI-2015 have encouraged.

Ultra-processed breakfast cereal does not predict significantly higher toxicological concern based on acrylamide content than processed breakfast cereals; a clear trend is seen whose contributing factors should be further studied.

This ergogenic effect of taurine may be significant considering the energy potential of lipids, since increased lipid oxidation decreases carbohydrates and preserves muscle glycogen stores, which may improve physical performance and reduce body fat mass levels [ 40 , 41 , 42 ].

However, a significant trend of risk reduction for CVD was observed across AHEI quintiles [ 60 ].

Because of its local effect, the glutamine swish and swallow approach is a simple but possibly significant step in ameliorating some of the toxic effects of cancer therapy and helping cancer patients keep nutritional goals on track.

Associations Between 25(OH)D and Participant Characteristics In the multivariable analyses we observed evidence of a decreasing trend of 25(OH)D levels with increasing child age and asymptomatic malaria was associated with high 25(OH)D levels.

Moreover, placebo treatment showed a trend towards heart rate increase reaching comparable values of the Red Bull group until the end of hypoxia ( Figure 1 ).

Indeed, after adjusting for age, previous IVF cycles were associated to a higher risk of unavailability of embryos for the ET procedure with borderline significance (RR 1.58, 95% CI 0.96–2.59), while exercising for ≥5 h per week was associated to a higher risk of not achieving clinical pregnancy (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.02–1.39) compared to exercising for <2 h per week.