Excerpts

It can be observed that the lag time ( t lag ) for hydrogen atoms to penetrate the specimen exhibits a decreasing trend, declining from 862.2 s to 603.6 s.

As can be seen from Figure 4 a, with increasing load, the COF shows an increasing trend, increasing to a load of ≈25 N and then remaining almost unchanged up to a load of 50 N.

The primary findings are summarized as follows: (1) At the macro-scale, a clear trend of enhanced mechanical performance with increased NMAS was established.

With increasing alkali activator dosage (5–12%), specimen compressive strength shows an increasing trend.

Effect of EPS Structural Non-Uniformities and VE Gauge Length on Measurement Results Within the VE result group, both E 0–0.5 and E 0.5–1.0 values for the vast majority of specimens followed a clear trend.

One-way analysis of variance indicated that the differences in compressive strength between the groups were highly significant, confirming that the activator dosage has a genuine effect on 28-day strength ( F ( 3 , 8 ) ≅ 160.4 , ρ ≤ 0.001 ).

Third, there is an increasing trend toward multi-scale understanding achieved through combined experimental and numerical approaches.

Furthermore, a clear trend emerges where higher μ σmax values correspond to lower COV σmax values.

In contrast, the damping capacity shows a decreasing trend, and the 70 wt.% Mn alloy exhibits the best damping capacity (tanδ = 0.064).

The coefficients of variation generally indicate a strong correlation among individual strength measurements, showing an overall trend toward stabilization as the samples gain strength.

The yield stress and plastic viscosity of the slurry show an increasing trend with the decreasing particle size.

Furthermore, a decreasing trend in fracture rate was observed as the milling process progressed.

The strength activity index showed an increasing trend depending on the grinding time at a speed of 500 rpm.

Within the 3D-printed resins, the E IT showed a trend similar to that of Martens hardness (H M ).

It was revealed that within the load range of 0 to 20 kN, the fractal dimension D of nearly all pavement penetration textures showed an increasing trend with load.

Since fracture toughness is positively correlated with peak load, the K IC of high-elasticity asphalt concrete also shows an increasing trend under long-term aging treatment.

These findings are practically significant for the application of seawater sea sand concrete and solve problems related to the scarcity of specific natural resources, raw material shortages, and performance issues.

As the edge thickness decreases, both the internal electric field of the insulator and the surface electric field exhibit an increasing trend, rising from approximately 2.1 kV/mm to 2.5 kV/mm (a 19% increase), while the maximum electric field on the housing surface shows a decreasing trend, falling from approximately 2.25 kV/mm to 1.95 kV/mm (a 13% decrease).

The breakdown field strength test results show that the E b of h-BN/MT of two sizes show a decreasing trend with the increase in h-BN content, but all of them are kept above 32 kV/mm, which can be applied in practical engineering.

The germination rate of all cemented soil specimens exhibited an increasing trend during the 30-day experiment.

As the solution temperature increases, the strength of the alloy exhibits a decreasing trend at both test temperatures.

Also, Figure 1 b shows a clear trend for pH, as it decreases with an increase in H 3 PO 3 concentration.

This indicator is highly consistent with the macroscopic residual stress measured by XRD in physical connotation: both reflect the bulk average stress of the component rather than localized peak stresses, enabling a reliable trend-level correlation with conventional residual stress measurements.

Statistical significance of the analytical procedures, experimental validations, and influencing factors was evaluated using p -values, where values between 0.05 and 0.001 indicate significance, and values below 0.001 denote highly significant effects.

From Figure 5 b, at the lowest SiO 2 and HF contents, the proportion of flake-shaped Al 2 O 3 structures is maximum, whereas that of rod-shaped whiskers exhibits an increasing trend.