Excerpts

Newly developed lead-free alloy systems have been discovered that can successfully replace them [ 16 ], such as those in the binary Sn-Cu, Sn-Ag, Sn-Bi, Sn-Zn, Sn-In, and Sn-Sb systems or the ternary Sn-Zn-Bi and Sn-Ag-Cu systems (SAC solders), with acceptable properties (melting temperature, mechanical properties, microstructure, wettability, solder ability, reliability, and cost), thus offering a positive trend in terms of finding new variants of accessible lead-free soldering alloys with properties similar to those prohibited [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 13 ].

Moreover, the capillary water absorption showed a trend of decreasing and then increasing with the increase in GO content in the same period, and the water absorption was the smallest when the content was 0.09%.

An increasing trend in strength is observed with the addition of CSW up to 4.5 kg/m 3 , which represents the optimal content for both w / b ratios.

The precipitation of α phase in the TC17-HAZ zone showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing, with the highest proportion of α phase after 740 °C annealing and reaching 75%.

When the NCCG coarse-aggregate content was 0%, the compressive strength of concrete after sulfate attack for 240 d still showed an increasing trend.

An increasing trend of mass was noted during the periods of N-FC, N-DA, and NS-DA, which was due to the erosion of N-FC, N-DA, and NS-DA [ 30 ].

Additionally, the change in the average grain size shows a decreasing trend when the holding time is extended (as shown in Figure 6 a,d,g).

As shown in Figure 11 , with the rise in final strain, the frequency of LAGBs shows a decreasing trend, while the frequency of HAGBs shows an increasing trend.

As already discussed, the solutocapillary effect may be significant for 1550 °C.

The aluminum strength-to-weight ratio has become a highly significant factor in industrial applications.

A clear trend emerges as the VO 2 thickness varies: absorption increases with thicker VO 2 layers.

The density values for cylindrical specimens displayed a range of values, and a decreasing trend was observed in densities for the mixes at the end of 28 days of curing ( Figure 5 ).

Crosslinking with Ca 2+ ions showed an expected trend of increasing Young’s modulus with increasing concentration.

Also, they calculated some uniaxial vibration examples in order to illustrate that the differences in the responses predicted by the theories with and without acceleration terms in the boundary tractions may be significant.

It is evident from Figure 8 that, for a given fiber type, as the RAP content increases, the stiffness modulus of the recycled asphalt mixture also increases, whereas the maximum failure strain exhibits a decreasing trend.

It can be seen from the result that with the increase in the duty cycle, the MRR shows an increasing trend; however, while the duty cycle increases from 0.4 to 0.8, the MRR increases very slowly.

Although lower compared to some reports in the literature [ 43 , 68 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 ], which show compressive strength increases of 10% to 80%, depending on test age and NT content (1–4 wt.% NT), it can be said that the research results are in agreement with these reports, maintaining an increasing trend, and in contradiction with those indicated by Shekari and Razzaghi [ 60 ], who for a cementitious composite with 1.5% NTs report a reduction in compressive strength of 20.73% at the age of 28 days.

Figure 14 shows a decreasing trend in the plotted curve at oxygen pressures of 10 −17 atm.

Post 60 min: The particle size distribution continues to fluctuate with an overall trend toward larger sizes, indicating ongoing dissolution and recrystallization processes, with an increase in the proportion of larger particles (>1 μm).

From L1 to L7, the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity showed an overall trend of steady decrease ( Figure 6 d).

The bending strength and modulus of elasticity both showed a decreasing trend from L1 to L7 on these two bending directions ( Figure 5 e,f).

In the figure, the C–C/C=C and C–H/C–N stretching modes due to the pyrrole ring in the range of 1319–1594 cm −1 show an increasing trend in their relative intensity in the Ag NW@PPy.

With the increase in BWR content, the S max , S mean , and S total values of bee-like structures of aged asphalt showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, and the N value showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing, indicating that BWR may affect the formation and disaggregation of bee-like structures.

Conversely, at a constant strain rate, the grain size shows an increasing trend with rising deformation temperatures.

With a constant deformation temperature, there is a decreasing trend in grain size as the strain rate increases.