Excerpts

Tensile strength ( Figure 10 c): The tensile strength in the heat-treated state shows an increasing trend with the increase in Cu content, but the high-Cu samples slightly decrease while the low-Cu samples increase.

From Table 3 and Figure 4 , it is clear that the temperature difference in the casting is quite significant and is especially evident at the initial stage after pouring.

The resulting relationship (Equation (2)), presented in a surface and layer diagram ( Figure 9 ), shows the highly significant impact of the w / c ratio on concrete density, as well as the significant impact of the proportion of waste additive ( WP / c ).

Consequently, P r exhibits a decreasing trend with increasing heating/cooling rate at an annealing temperature of 550 °C and an increasing trend at 700 °C ( Figure 16 b).

In contrast, the 1 °C·min −1 curve exhibits a decreasing trend with increasing temperature, while the 7 °C·min −1 curve displays comparatively low values across all temperatures that increase slightly with temperature.

The calculated microstrain presented in Figure 12 c remains relatively independent of the temperature, apart from the 7 °C·min −1 curve, which shows a slightly increasing trend with rising temperature.

Moreover, there is an increasing trend in the incorporation of natural fibre-reinforced hybrids in the quest to find eco-friendly solutions without necessarily affecting mechanical performance [ 37 , 48 ].

As the Se doping content increases, the carrier concentration of the system exhibits a decreasing trend, which is mainly attributed to the modulation of defect equilibrium and band structure by Se doping.

For the HUCS and HMS of equal mass, as the impact energy increases, the IPF of the HUCS shows an increasing trend while its crushing force efficiency ( CFE ) gradually decreases.

With further increases in dosage, the strength shows a decreasing trend, although it remains higher than that of the control group without Na 2 SO 4 .

The significance symbols * and ** indicate significant and highly significant effects, respectively.

Based on the original formulation, the addition of mullite led to a decreasing trend in apparent porosity and an increasing trend in bulk density.

However, the present data are more sufficient to indicate a useful parameter range and an overall trend than to establish a statistically definitive optimal condition. 3.3.

The bond stress between the reinforcement and concrete shows a decreasing trend, whereas the maximum slip exhibits an increasing trend.

Under the fitting conditions employed in this study, the proportion of oxygen vacancies exhibits a decreasing trend with increasing annealing temperature: following annealing at 350 °C, 400 °C and 450 °C, the relative proportions of oxygen vacancies obtained from the fitting were 17.9%, 13.0% and 12.9%, respectively.

Factors with p < 0.1 are moderately significant factors, including: cone diameter and operating pressure.

As the shear strain amplitude increases, the peak shear stress initially exhibits an increasing trend during the initial stage.

Figure 14 shows that, under different pore-constraint conditions, the curves describing the effect of D f on normalized frost-heaving stress all exhibit a decreasing trend, although the magnitude of the reduction differs significantly.

The simulation results show a clear trend: as the MgO content decreases, the predicted peak concentration of magnesite progressively diminishes, and the depth of the carbonated zone becomes correspondingly shallower.

The total porosity shows a decreasing trend at lower CRCP contents and reaches the minimum at CR8, followed by an increase at higher replacement levels.

The randomness of grain orientation is slightly reduced, indicating that the nucleation and growth processes of dynamic recrystallization tend to be balanced at this temperature, and some grains begin to show a slight trend of preferential growth.

For all types of H-bonds, their peak positions shift rightward, and both peak intensities and coordination numbers exhibit a decreasing trend.

For models with different groove numbers at Re = 23.8, the slip length initially decreases as the groove number increases from a single groove to two grooves, followed by an increasing trend as the groove number further rises from two to four grooves.

The bounding box regression loss shows a decreasing trend in the early stages of training and gradually converges to a stable range.

However, the absence of a clear trend with concentration reinforces the idea that under severe sulfate attack, B. subtilis acts primarily as a retarder of deterioration rather than as a sustained mechanical reinforcement, as it is especially sensitive to overdosing.