Excerpts

Effect size was considered to be moderately significant if the 95% confidence interval overlapped an effect size of 0 by less than ± 0.1.

Patterson (1940) reported highly significant differences in high temperature tolerance in progeny groups growing in a nursery, but there was no relationship between the agronomic characters of vigor and forage production and resistance to high temperatures.

While the conversion to OF can activate a positive trend towards the increase of SOM ( Gattinger et al., 2012 ), no evidence for a similar trend has been noticed for DOM ( Hu et al., 2018 ).

As a general result, an increase in the concentration of bacteria and/or fungal strains in the inoculated tests was observed, although the results were more or less significant depending on the inoculant (used alone or in combination) and experimental conditions ( Table 1 ).

The LNC presented a decreasing trend from top to bottom within the rice canopy, and the LNC of each leaf layer decreased along with the days after transplanting ( Figure 3B ).

All the three species had an optimum temperature for aboveground biomass at 30/26°C ( Figures 4A, F, K ), a decrease in leaf biomass and area at 34/29°C ( Figures 4B, G, L, D, I, N ), an increasing trend for stem length with increasing temperature ( Figures 4C, H, M ).

Meanwhile, the analytical data showed that the chlorophyll content of the three over-expressed plants had an increasing trend, which was 1.38–1.81 and 1.52–2.81 folds of control plants under mock and salt stress treatments, respectively ( Figure 4C ).

The ANOVA ( Table 3 ) indicated a highly significant genotype effect, as well as significant effect of experiments and experiments x genotype interactions, on tan spot disease severity.

Highly significant correlations were also found between B4Ha, BIS1, BIS3, and BIS4 expression and shoot length ( Table 3 ).

With the increased duration of the low temperature treatment, F v / F m and PI ABS of blueberry leaves showed a decreasing trend.

The correlation between AAC and GC was negative and highly significant in HZ while little in LS.

Moreover, there is a clear trend in chemical composition for anemophilous and entomophilous species, which is consistent with FT-Raman results in Figure 3 and our previous finding ( Zimmermann and Kohler, 2014 ).

During phenotyping, we observed an interesting trend between immature fruit color and mature fruit color.

The water transport rates in the inner and outer sides of the bending internodes also showed an increasing trend with time with the highest values at 3:00 a.m., and then decreased constantly ( Figure 5H ).

Additionally, there was a slight trend indicating a higher endophyte infection frequency of AR501 in tall fescue than perennial ryegrass ( Table 1 ).

Although N content in both hylophytes and salt-tolerant grasses showed an increasing trend with salinity and was the highest in halophytes, there were no significant ( p > 0.05) correlations between either Si or salinity and N content in grasses and halophytes.

An overall trend of expressional regulation was that drought treatment reduced the transcript levels of most DEGs in the photosynthesis network ( Supplementary Figure S4 ).

To test the significance effect of altitude, F-value ( Table 1 ) for altitude effect was 105.834, 107.570, and 117.366 respectively for trait of leaf width, leaf length and leaf area, all of which had reached to the extremely significant level.

The hybrids from heterotic groups, Reid × SPT, Reid × LRC, SPT × PA, and Lancaster × LRC, contributed highly significant positive SCA effects and strong heterosis to yield-related traits, and the heterotic patterns identified in this study were potentially useful for commercial maize breeding.

Statistically significant differences were determined by Student’s t tests ( p < 0.05 significance level and p < 0.001 extremely significant level).

Highly significant genotype-by-environment interactions was consistent within and between years in this study and provided evidence that either alternative host genes, isolate virulence or aggressiveness, environment influences or a combination of these factors contribute to varying SNB response of wheat genotypes across environments.

The correlation was highly significant, indicating the same pattern of lesion development among the genotypes and confirming the credibility of the method used ( Table 1 ).

Due to highly significant effects of species, species × litter type and species × litter extracts’ concentration interaction, we, therefore, used two-way ANOVAs to test the allelopathic effects of the litter type, litter extracts’ concentration (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 g·L −1 ), and their interaction on seed germination rate for each of the six species, and followed, if significant, by multiple comparisons using the least-significant difference (LSD) test at P < 0.05 level.

In our study EO yield showed a highly significant positive correlation with temperature, pH value, and Ca.

It has been reported that during early phases of fruit development (up to 59 DAFB corresponding to S2) β-cyanoalanine synthase protein level shows a decreasing trend ( Hu et al., 2012 ) or it almost stable ( Rodriguez et al., 2019 ) during the lignification of endocarp, while it is increasing in the mesocarp ( Hu et al., 2012 ; Rodriguez et al., 2019 ).