Excerpts

Regarding Na + ( Figure 6C ), its soil content exhibited a decreasing trend regardless of treatment with either C. sorokiniana or the Bacillus combination, with reductions of 52.03% and 5.86%, respectively. 3.6 Effects of C. sorokiniana and Bacillus combination on soil microbial diversity and community function The alpha diversity indices of bacterial communities in soils subjected to different treatments are shown in the Figure 7 .

welwitschiae showed an increasing trend and P. maysiensis exerted no promotional effect.

The results revealed a clear trend, the explanatory power of the principal components increased progressively with longer supplemental lighting across the time-point groups.

Through principal component analysis (PCA) ( Figure 2A ), the samples exhibited a clear trend of intergroup separation in the PCA space, indicating that the rootstock grafting treatment had a significant impact on melon gene expression.

According to the threshold defined in Section 2.5, this result is considered marginally significant, indicating a statistical trend rather than a significant difference at α = 0.05.

Discussion Our results suggest a numerical trend toward higher rubber yield and stability in the rainy season, which may be partly attributed to elevated precipitation and temperature.

Correlation analysis As shown in Figure 6 , cotton yield exhibited highly significant positive correlations with the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and stomatal conductance (Gs).

For Ci, monocropping treatments showed an increasing trend with planting density, particularly in 2025.

As planting density increased, sucrose accumulation in the third internode of the stalk base showed an increasing trend, with extremely significant differences ( Figure 1E ).

The expression level of the SPS1 was elevated with advancing growth stages at density D2, while SPS2 exhibited the opposite expression pattern; IVR1 and IVR2 showed little change in expression levels at different densities as the growth stage progressed in M1, but expression levels were elevated as the growth stage progressed at density D2 in M2; and BAM1 and Sh2 showed a decreasing trend in expression levels as the growth stage progressed and the stalk gradually aged.

Under moderate and intense drought treatments, from the 1970s to the 2010s, the above-ground biomass at silking stage showed a decreasing trend, though not at a statistically significant level ( Figure 4 ).

The protein-to-starch ratio showed an increasing trend from mealy to glassy kernels, but differences among classes were not statistically significant ( Figure 6C ; p = 0.097, η 2 = 0.17).

During the growth of yam, the total chlorophyll content in the leaves showed a significant increase, followed by a decreasing trend ( Supplementary Figure 1 ).

As shown in Table 6 , RS had a significant positive correlation with total P (TP), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and soil organic matter (SOM), but a highly significant negative correlation with pH.

Under cold stress conditions, the expression levels of the five genes increased by 2 to 10 times compared to the control, with all increases being highly significant.

NPFP exhibited an increasing trend with an increase in planting density and a decrease in N rate ( Figure 2 ).

In recent years, with the continuous expansion of protected tomato cultivation area, the intensification of continuous cropping obstacles, and the frequent cross-regional circulation of seedlings, the occurrence of tomato viral diseases has shown an increasing trend year by year, among which tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease is one of the most serious viral diseases ( Wang et al., 2025a ).TYLCV belongs to the genus Begomovirus in the family Geminiviridae, mainly transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) in a persistent manner.

Soil nitrogen fractions The TN and PON contents in 0–30 cm soil layer under different tillage methods showed a decreasing trend from jointing stage to maturity stage ( Figures 8A, B ).

3.1.3 Soil respiration rate The soil respiration rate under different treatments showed a trend of ‘first increasing and then decreasing’ throughout the maize reproductive period ( Figure 5 ).

Although the high level of nitrogen fertilizer N3 (450 kg·hm -2 ) helped to increase the soil respiration rate, the increase in respiration rate of N2(300 kg·hm -2 ) and N3(450 kg·hm -2 ) treatments stabilised in 2023 and there was a decreasing trend in soil respiration rate under N3(450 kg·hm -2 ) treatment ( Figure 7c ). 3.2 Soil chemical properties 3.2.1 Organic carbon and N content Aerated irrigation combined with nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased the soil organic carbon content in the tillage layer (0–40 cm), and this effect became more pronounced with the number of treatment years and the nitrogen application rate ( Figure 8a ).

Both WUE (WUE) and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (AEN) showed an increasing trend followed by a decline as N input increased, while nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) declined with higher N rates, indicating diminishing returns and potential N losses at excessive application levels.

In the tree layer, none of the diversity indices showed significant linear or unimodal relationships with elevation (P > 0.05), although the Margalef index exhibited a decreasing trend.

To explore how OI changes might influence customer impressions, statistical modelling was conducted on OIs that were impacted (with significance or marginal significance) by at least one BC treatment and present within the sourced datasets.

Root volume reached its peak at 5 μM and then showed a decreasing trend with increasing IAA concentrations.

LHCII (LOC123210272) was upregulated at all time periods except TW8 and GW8, and its expression level showed a decreasing trend over time.