Excerpts

Grain weight at G3 differed significantly between cultivars from the 3rd to the 6th spikelet, and there was an increasing trend from the 1950s to 2010s.

Moreover, the RD-derived genes showed a strong trend to longer average exon length and shorter coding-region lengths.

davurica were higher under monoculture than under mixtures ( p < 0.05), and showed a decreasing trend as its ratio in the mixture decreased ( Figure 2 ).

δ 13 C sees an increasing trend starting around 25 cal kyr BP. δ 15 N shown an earlier increasing trend around 43 cal kyr BP including a brief drop around 19 cal kyr BP.

Nevertheless, the Mantel correlation ( r M = -0.69, p = 0.074) suggest an interesting trend between the genetic and the phenotypic traits ( Figure 7 ).

Generally, individuals showing a decreasing trend in RS content contained more positive alleles in EB population under all five environments ( Figure 3 and Supplementary Table S4 ).

The increase was smaller for BL (only ±0.4 cm) but highly significant.

Cis - and Trans -Effects for Transcripts in Aneuploids C1 and Cs1 Although MAAL C1 had an extra chromosome C1, it showed an extremely significant bias to down-regulated genes in comparison with RBR.

An ANOVA revealed that differences in genotypes, environments, and the interactions between genotype and environment were all highly significant (Table S2 ).

For seed GSL content, highly significant QTL were located on chromosomes A09, C03, and C09 with -log 10 - p -values of 9.97 (SL2011), 10.83 (SL2012), and 9.42 (SL2011), respectively ( Figure 6B ).

We found that, during aging, the difference in SOD and POD activity was extremely significant between the melatonin-pretreated group and the control group.

( 2014 ) detected higher amounts of chlorogenic acid and cynarin than flavonoids in cardoon leaves, while they also observed an increasing trend for phenolic acids with plant development.

Furthermore, cytokinins and the most of gibberellins were both up-accumulated, whereas a clear trend could not be observed for auxins.

Introduction In the context of global warming, there is an increasing trend for the cultivation of crops with tropical and subtropical origins, such as maize, soybean, Miscanthus or Sorghum also in temperate climates, e.g., in Central Europe.

Interestingly, we also found a clear trend: higher was the number of genome sites that were modified in plants including SGR1 gene targeted, the greater was the green portion in the cross-section of the fruit.

These results indicate interaction with DELLA proteins is possibly significant for functions of these BlSPL genes.

In particular, throughout the anther development process, the SOD, CAT, and POD activity levels were higher in the IAMSLs than those in 706B, where there was a highly significant difference between the levels in the IAMSLs and 706B in the late uninucleate stage, as found in a previous study ( Song et al., 2008 ; Liu et al., 2011 ).

An increasing trend in weight, size, soluble solids, and anthocyanin were consistent with the phase transition from green-hard (0 DAA) to green-soft (50 DAA), pink-soft (60 DAA), and red-soft (80 DAA) developmental stages ( Supplementary Figure S6 ).

Correlation coefficients were either completely significant or extremely significant in most spectral ranges.

A two-way analysis of variance revealed a highly significant effect of genotype on all minor-vein and gas-exchange parameters with the exception of vascular cell numbers per minor vein normalized for vein density ( Table 2 ).

amurensis leaves presented a decreasing trend.

amurensis taxa presented obvious declining trends, while the NPQ presented an overall trend of increasing first and then decreasing.

Based on the comparison of the different responses of the two varieties under iron deficiency, we propose a signal originated in the shoot and was transmitted into the root to induce the ROS system, and because the reduced iron content in Yang 6 leaf resulted in a stronger signal, the range of increase in Yang 6 was highly significant.

Synthesis of phospholipids as major components of photosynthetic membranes in chloroplasts is highly significant in spring to fulfill the increasing need in energy and carbon compounds.

Analysis with full genetic model identified 38∼47 highly significant loci (-log 10 P EW > 5), while estimated total heritability were 64.32∼79.06% with large contributions due to dominance and dominance related epistasis effects (16.00∼56.91%).