Excerpts

The results showed that butyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, caproic acid, and pH had significant or extremely significant correlations with cecal microorganisms ( p < 0.05).

Also in root and shoot after treatments, as mentioned in section “Statistical Analysis”, antioxidant enzymes such as PAL (12.1 μmol trans-cinnamic acid min g –1 fresh weight, 22.1 μmol trans-cinnamic acid min g –1 fresh weight), APx (550.2 unit g –1 fresh weight, 1050.16 unit g –1 fresh weight), POx (900.2, 1800.2), H 2 O 2 (2.9 mmol mg –1 protein, 7.1 mmol mg –1 protein) SOD (419.9 unit g –1 fresh weight., 619.8 unit g –1 fresh weight.), CAT (819.9 unit g –1 fresh weight., 1219.8 unit g –1 fresh weight.), and Chitinase (10.2 nKat g –1 , 21.4 nKat g –1 ) were found to be highly significant i.e., P < 0.05 for surfactin as compared to other treatment.

Notably, along the increasing PAH concentrations in soil, the average niche width (8.83–11.05) of the community showed a trend of gradual increase ( Figure 4A ; ANOVA, p < 0.05).

However, in previous studies with apple roots ( Mahnkopp et al., 2018 ), we observed a highly significant Pearson correlation [ r (214) = 0.97, p < 0.05] between root fresh mass and root dry mass.

P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, P < 0.01 was considered extremely significant, and P > 0.05 was considered not statistically significant.

Compared to the control group I, the values of average final weight and ADG showed a significant increase in Group III, whereas Group II and Group IV exhibited an increasing trend with no significant difference ( P > 0.05).

Kentucky group, and a positive trend is present in the APEC-O2 group ( p > 0.05) ( Figures 2A , B ).

In the time series of Cr stress, the phylum Actinomycetes ( p < 0.01) and Chloroflexi ( p < 0.05) both displayed highly significant increases followed by decreases, while Firmicutes ( p < 0.05) and Myxococcota ( p < 0.01) displayed significant decreases; the phyla Proteobacteria ( p < 0.01) and Gemmatimonadota ( p < 0.01) both displayed highly significant decreases followed by increases.

In addition, the expression of TrxR1 has an increasing trend in HMSeBA group ( p = 0.05; Figure 2B ).

The data showed a trend towards slightly more HA produced in cells infected with rgPR8(Ud-HA,NA) than with PR8(Ud-HA,NA,PB2,PB1) and PR8(Ud-HA,NA,PB2,PB1,NP) ( p < 0.05; one-way ANOVA).

In comparison to the reference population, the distribution of blood groups among all SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals was different (marginally significant; p = 0.05) ( Table 2B ).

A Monte-Carlo permutation test showed that the top 60 genera from amplicon data were used as vectors, and 16 out of these genera showed a highly significant correlation ( P < 0.05) with the functional gene structure within the compartments (see Figure 5 ).

Indeed, Shannon index of fungal OTU relative abundances showed a marginally significant negative correlation with basal respiration ( r = −0.467, P = 0.05).

The OD 600 of gfp.repL AT2 and rfp .nc- repL AT2 transformants showed an increasing trend between 2 to 10 hpi, yet the average OD 600 was ~1.3-fold lower when compared to that of uninduced cells between 6 to 10 hpi ( p < 0.05) ( Figure 4J ).

Proteobacteria occupies the highest proportion in the four different restoration stages, but showed a decreasing trend from the corn field stage (Corn) to the natural wetland stage (NW) ( Supplementary Table S3 , p < 0.05).

Based on the study’s results, we found that the abundance of aerobic, anaerobic and parthenogenetic anaerobic bacteria showed an increasing trend at wetland restoration from the corn field (Corn) to the natural wetland (NW) ( Figure 10 ; Supplementary Table S7 , p < 0.05).

There were no significant differences in abundance of polysaccharide lyases and auxiliary activity enzymes between the stomach and small intestine, while differences in carbohydrate-binding modules, carbohydrate esterases, glycoside hydrolases, and glycosyltransferases were highly significant (pairwise Wilcoxon rank-sum test, p < 0.05; Figure 4C ).

Pearson correlation analyses showed that soil salt, EC, and BD had a weakly significant negative correlation with Shannon diversity ( p < 0.05).

Many genera from Firmicutes exhibited an increasing trend ( P < 0.05), including Vagococcus , Roseburia , Enterococcus , Facklamia , Lactobacillus , Faecalibacterium , unclassified Anaerostipes , Lachnobacterium , Coprococcus , Anaerovibrio , Clostridium _ sensu _ stricto , Faecalicoccus , and Staphylococcus , while many genera others exhibited a decreasing trend ( P < 0.05), including Sporosarcina , Oscillibacter , Peptoniphilus , Anaerobium , unclassified Sporobacter , Amphibacillus , Faecalicatena , and Butyrivibrio ( Figure 3 and Supplementary Data 2 ).

The predicted relative abundance of bacteria with phenotypes, such as mobile genetic elements (MGE), biofilm-formation, and stress-tolerant potential, also tended to be higher in laryngeal microbiota, while the differences were marginally significant ( P = 0.05, F = 36.5).

In subalpine, fungal pathogen and AM diversity showed a decreasing trend along increasing elevation ( R 2 : 0.23–0.7, p < 0.05), while ECM diversity showed an hump-shaped pattern ( R 2 : 0.47–0.85, p < 0.05; Supplementary Figure S2C ).

The unclassified_c__Deltaproteobacteria in OM-16 and OM-24 also showed an increasing trend, with 2.6 times ( p < 0.05) and 1.5 times ( p < 0.01) compared to CM, respectively.

A P value of ≤0.01 was considered highly significant, while a P value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The fungal Shannon’s index of the giant panda cubs also varied around 1.5 years of age, and a decreasing trend indicated reduced heterogeneity in the fungal community ( P < 0.05 on Welch’s t- test; Supplementary Figure S4 ), which was exactly opposite the variation detected with S obs and Simpson’s index ( Supplementary Figure S3 ).

From the comparison of the numbers of positive and negative cases of HTLV infections of this study with findings from previous studies, a decreasing trend of cases of HTLV infections in PLWHA was detected ( A = -13.02; χ 2 = 11.26; p < 0.05).