Excerpts

Compared with the original contaminated soil, the Chao1 index showed a downward trend, the species richness decreased, and the Shannon index also showed a decreasing trend after Step2 and Step3, it can be argued reduced microbial diversity in soils.

An increasing trend in alpha diversity was observed with age, with the 13–24 months exhibiting significantly higher alpha diversity compared to the 0–6 age ( Figure 1B ; Supplementary Figure S1B ).

p > 0.05 indicated no significant difference, 0.01 < p ≤ 0.05 indicated significant difference, p ≤ 0.01 indicated extremely significant difference.

When performing immunoassays using Luminex or ELISA, the results may not be accurate when measuring low-concentration substances, and there may be significant differences between the testing methods ( Platchek et al., 2020 ).

Although Clostridia displayed an increasing trend among obese and metabolic syndrome children, statistical analysis did not reveal significant differences across the five groups.

The results demonstrated that with increasing body weight, all three indices exhibited a positive trend, with children diagnosed with metabolic syndrome showing the highest alpha diversity values ( Figure 2A ).

However, almost 5% of the isolates from 2011 to 2019 showed a constitutive resistance towards clindamycin, compared to 1% during 2000–2010, presenting a possible trend that should be supervised.

The analysis revealed several key findings: (1) The overall quantity of publications related to OHRB research has been steadily increasing since 1988, and the mean total local citations per publication show a positive trend, indicating an increase in the average citation impact of OHRB research over time.

In contrast, a decreasing trend was found for some health-associated species including Lactobacillus johnsonii and Bifidobacterium longum in the CRC/non-T2D samples and Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum in both CRC patients with/without T2D combined, which highlight the potential importance of health-associated species for human gut health.

parasuis strains remain susceptible to most antibiotics; however, an increasing trend of AMR is observed ( Zhang et al., 2019 ).

0.0016, p = 0.003) showed an increasing trend in the ML group, AC group, and NA groups.

0.022, p < 0.001) showed a decreasing trend in the ML group, AC group, and NA groups.

This temporal distribution highlights the diversification of the methodologies applied to biodegradation in recent years, with an increasing trend toward the use of microbial combinations, as well as the exploration of new degraders such as larvae and algae. 4.2.

Tonsil samples from control calves showed a trend to higher diversity than from treated calves at day 0, 7, and 14.

Specificity was found to be 96.3% with a negative predictive value of 64.8%, revealing a slight trend of the HPS assay to miss some serotypes on the SoC/StW lists.

Moreover, regarding changes in soil pH, although a slight trend of soil acidification was observed in plots from the sub-trial with mineral nitrogen supply, a significant effect between counterpart treatments was observed only in the SLU-treated plots.

In our study, LV149 significantly reduced the expression of these pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly at the higher dosage (LV149-H), while the lower dosage (LV149-L) showed a trend toward improvement.

Along the elevational gradient, soil fungal α-diversity exhibited a decreasing trend, whereas β-diversity showed an increasing trend.

AP changed complexly with a hump (peak at 2,448 m), then an increasing trend from 2,746 to 3,548 m.

The exchangeable Cr concentration followed an overall trend of BY > FF > HD.

Meanwhile, the quality of SOM was maintained under the water deficit condition ( Wu et al., 2011 ), but soil DOC showed a trend of decreasing with the increase of drought stress intensity.

In contrast, the abundance and diversity of fungal communities varied less, but showed an overall trend of increasing and decreasing with the increase in fermentation time.

The relative abundance of Firmicutes increased over time, rising from 0.25 to 59.32% after air curing, while Proteobacteria exhibited a decreasing trend, falling to 40.46% by the end of fermentation ( Figure 4A ).

R 2 level of the regression equation was highly significant, demonstrating that the experimental design was reliable.

The moisture content, aw, and L*, showed a decreasing trend.