Excerpts

Bias is much smaller, and only marginally statistically significant, when the study protocol explicitly allows participants to opt out of post-test counseling and the return of HIV test results.

First, we identified marginally significant bias under the assumptions of a protocol whereby test results are not returned to respondents.

In the first binary logistic model (consent levels B and C versus A), the likelihood of being HIV positive is correlated with consent for testing and post-test counseling and highly significant: for each percentage point increase in the likelihood of infection, the odds to consent to testing and post-test counseling (consent level A) decrease by 1.5%.

For other solid tumours, inclusion of disease stage revealed a borderline significant effect for middle educated women (13–16 years) compared to the lowest educated (RR = 0.67; 0.46–0.99).

In adjusted results, the association between living in Greater Glasgow and current smoking was attenuated [OR = 0.92, CI = 0.78–1.09 for men, and OR = 1.08, CI = 0.94–1.23 for women; results based on multiply imputed data to account for missing values remained borderline significant for women].

Female farmers reported significantly higher prevalence of doctor-diagnosed overall chronic diseases than other occupational groups and the total population, whereas male farmers showed a decreasing trend in prevalence of chronic diseases.

Despite a positive trend regarding progress towards work after 1 year, none of these individuals actually returned to work within the next 2 years.

In fact, after an overall decrease in the rate of healthcare services utilization observed between 1984 and 1998 that led the authors [ 14 ] to conclude the reforms had failed, an increasing trend was observed from 1998 on, suggesting that the increase in the rate of child vaccination over the same period is not an isolated case. - Measures were taken to ensure the safety of injections, thus reducing post-immunization reactions.

An increasing trend of positive test results for Enteritidis was also documented in broiler chickens from 2000 to 2005 [ 11 ].

The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) with median follow-up of 3.6 years [ 10 ] reported an increasing trend for prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity in both sexes.

Therefore, the odds of obesity in ethnic minority groups shows an increasing trend after controlling for the excess risks associated with low socio-economic status.

However, since 1998, four consecutive countrywide surveys showed a decreasing trend in the prevalence of underweight and stunting in all age and sex categories [ 14 ].

In Ethiopia there was an increasing trend of child undernutrition between 1983 and 1998 with significant variability between regions [ 13 ].

A range of health outcomes (12 items for boys and 10 for girls) showed significance or were marginally significant before controlling for other factors, and 6 items for boys and 9 for girls reached at least marginal significance in adjusted models (Tables 3 & 4 ).

A significant negative association was found in relation to urban living (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.32-0.73, p = 0.001), whereas the association with education level was only of borderline significance (p for trend = 0.051 OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.51-1.00) (Tables 2 and 3 ).

Hispanics were discussed as a homogenous group when, in fact, there may be significant variations among Hispanic sub-populations.

Up to 40% of older people can be considered as frail and an increasing trend can be expected [ 1 ].

While the incidence among hairdressers is smaller than in the bakery sector, several authors, as Ameille, observed an increasing trend: since the ONAP (Observatoire National des Asthmes Professionnels) was created in France in 1996, the proportion of OA in the hairdressing sector progressed from 5.5% in 1996 to 8% in 1998 and 10% in 2000 [ 22 ], calling for a better surveillance in this occupation.

The effect estimates remained statistically significant for primary and secondary education and borderline significant for tertiary education after adjusting for district, sex, age, marital status, religion, ethnic group, adult subgroups, employment status and income.

The likelihood of having a large for gestational age baby is, however, decreased for mothers who have higher education level, though this result was only marginally significant at the 10% level.

The association between impoverished Whites and poor sleep remained highly significant (OR = 1.95, 95% CI 1.47-2.58).

Birth weight displayed borderline significant relationships with HDL-C and Apo A1, independently of life course exposures and health behavior.

In men, the near-significant contributions of birth weight were slightly accentuated and reached significance for both HDL-C (β = 10, p = .030) and Apo A1 (β = .10 p = .041).

The percentage of some/moderate problems is higher by approximately 30-60% among females than males in all dimensions, including borderline significance in the anxiety/depression dimension.

There is also an increasing trend of temporary migration among the young labour force from rural to urban areas because of better employment opportunities [ 14 ], which leaves more older people living on their own with less physical and emotional support from family members [ 15 ].