Excerpts

In general, these showed a trend towards decreasing likelihood of being active and increasing likelihood of being inactive over time.

(2005) have estimated the demand for cigarettes in Taiwan by using annual time-series data and found a highly significant but negative price effect [ 23 ].

Strong positive associations were detected between education and the relative odds of the outcome occurring, as evidenced by highly significant odds ratios for both primary and secondary education categories for all models.

One study in a primary care setting has shown a significant trend of association with mortality across the CTVB classification [ 9 ], and the ALSPAC study showed significant trends in several measures of breast feeding rates with CTVBs [ 5 ].

We found a clear trend of association between CTVBs and each of the lifestyle and health outcomes that we investigated.

The study was conducted on a Korean population, and there may be significant differences with respect to the awareness of stroke warning signs and risk factors in other geographic and racial and ethnic communities.

Income also declined more rapidly, although this was marginally non-significant.

As shown in Figure 5 , there was a clear trend, in both men and women, for the HRR for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality to rise with an increased score (p for trend < 0.001).

Among men, gays were significantly more likely than heterosexuals to be current smokers (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.75, 3.30), with borderline significant increased risk for heavy drinking (OR 1.54, 95% CI 0.96, 2.45).

This determinant significantly increased at the short-term and borderline significant at long-term.

Injection drug use in the other cities (OR: 1.69, P = 0.089) and sometimes sharing injection equipments with others (OR: 1.91, P = 0.082) were also associated with HIV serostatus with borderline significance.

Papanicolaou test In women aged 20 to 69 years, there is a clear trend towards increased utilization of Pap testing as income increases, although the highest probability of being tested was in those whose income was not reported.

An exception is the association with the handling of heavy objects, which turned out to be of borderline significance.

In all of the 3 subcategories examined, the annual number of published articles worldwide showed an increasing trend, a phenomenon that was more pronounced in the "Public Health" subcategory (Table 3 ), probably due to the gradual increase in the number of journals of the ISI category throughout the study period.

For all living conditions in East Germany, we observed highly significant time trends: The number of single children and those living near a busy road increased over time, the latter peaking in the mid-nineties.

There was a weak trend towards older decedents being less likely to overdose on cocaine and opiates.

The effect of the year of study period remained highly significant in the multivariable model.

The mean number of cigarettes/day (cig/d) before pregnancy remained constant, around 16 cig/d, whereas a slight trend to increase over time was seen, from 7.7 to 8.9 cig/d.

These two influencing policies have resulted in an increasing trend in the number of tuberculosis patients treated by institutions other than tuberculosis sanatoria.

Similarly, according to the regular survey data undertaken by the Tobacco and Wine Monopoly Bureau, the smoking and alcohol consumption rates of adult women were relatively low in the early-1970s; there has, however, been an increasing trend over the last three decades for alcohol but not for smoking, as illustrated in Figure 1 [ 45 , 46 ].

The higher prevalence of disease in the newer cohort was mirrored in the borderline significant increase in reporting of poor or fair self-rated health in the new cohort (Table 2 ).

Questions A, C, D, E, F all showed significant or almost significant shifts in both smokers and non-smokers, while for questions B and I the shift was seen much more in the smokers, who had been initially less positive.

Of the five studies reporting fully adjusted analyses that showed non-significant results, four showed a trend towards an inverse association.

Another alternative explanation is that there exists an increasing trend in the prevalence of MetS due to the adoption of a modernized life style.

When we compared our estimates of age-specific prevalence with theirs, we still observed a slightly increasing trend, indicating the prevalence of this syndrome is still rising.