Excerpts

The coefficients of the interaction of out-of-pocket health expenditure by households with financial development index is positive and marginally significant at 10% and that of financial access is not significant.

The interaction of public health financing with financial efficiency is counterintuitively positive and weakly significant at 10% as shown in Table 5 .

Our findings corroborate a significant trend of delayed childbearing in China, with a marked increase in the proportion of AMA primiparas.

During week 10 to week 11 before semen collection, a decreasing trend was observed in sperm motility with increased co-exposure to PM 2.5 chemical components (Fig. 6 A1-A4) in the BKMR model.

The number of ironing presses showed a borderline significant reduction with a mean difference of 0.294 (95% CI: −0.004 to 0.231), t -value of 1.949, and p -value of 0.058, suggesting a small decline in this women asset.

The present study reveals a notable trend whereby individuals below 30 years old are less likely to be overweight as compared to those aged more than 50.

Therefore, there may be significant sex differences in how PA modulates cognitive function, mental health, and metabolic health trajectories during childhood.

R S < 0 indicates a decreasing trend, and vice versa; when R S is greater than the critical value W P in the rank correlation coefficient table, it indicates that the trend of change is statistically significant.

If the upper limit of both EAPC and its 95% CI is negative, its corresponding rate shows a decreasing trend; conversely, if the lower limit of both EAPC and its 95% CI is positive, its corresponding rate shows an increasing trend.

TB diagnosis has shown a positive trend (annual increase in diagnoses) (Fig. 1 ), although the incidence rate has stagnated since 2013: from 293 per 100,000 people in 2000 to 241 per 100,000 people in 2010 and 233 per 100,000 people since 2013 (remaining at this level through 2023) [ 21 ].

Similarly, an analysis of questions on diabetes mellitus in the Indian parliament showed a trend toward specific, solution-oriented inquiries, despite the relatively low number of questions [ 10 ].

Q1 showed a 25% reduction in VFM (Ratio = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.71–0.80, P < 0.001), with a decreasing trend across quintiles (Q2: 0.82; Q3: 0.74; Q4: 0.76).

The overall non-linear P -value was 0.060, suggesting a borderline significant non-linear association across race/ethnicity groups, with distinct PA-VFM patterns that warrant further investigation.

Reviews reported an increasing trend of early onset of dementia and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in working-age adults [ 17 , 18 ].

The results indicate that during 1990–2021, the DALYs, number of deaths, number of incidence cases, number of prevalence cases, and ASIR of global AYA IBD showed an increasing trend.

The total incidence of the 21 diseases under continuous surveillance (excluding HFMD and seasonal influenza) exhibited an increasing trend from 2005 to 2024, with an AAPC of 3.4% (95% CI: 1.75 to 4.51).

Although there is limited research on the relationship between UPF consumption and food literacy, household surveys in Brazil show an increasing trend in the consumption of processed and UPF foods, while the consumption of fresh and minimally processed foods continues to decline [ 23 ].

These findings indicate a relatively high level of physical engagement among adults in UAE and reflect a strong trend toward routine physical activity.

Abstract Background Studies from several countries have reported an increasing trend in heart failure (HF) among young adults, but comprehensive data on HF burden among young Chinese adults are lacking.

Regarding BMI changes and violent crime exposure, a statistically significant association was observed for the persistent high violence category in Models 1 (95%CI 0.07–1.24) and 2 (95%CI 0.04–1.17), with this relationship approaching significance in Model 3 (95%CI −0.01–1.16).

Instead, our results showed an increasing trend in BW within the HFD-CAP group (Fig. 3 B, Supplementary Table 4 and 5).

Due to China’s implementation of air quality improvement measures [ 41 ], from 2011 to 2018, the concentration of PM 2.5 and its components generally showed a decreasing trend, indicating that the actions were effective.

This is due to persistently high (> 50%), but stable, prevalence in widowed women aged < 45 years, and an increasing trend among those aged 45–59 and 60 + years.

An interesting trend was observed in the context of e-cigarettes is the practice of “dual use,” referring to the simultaneous use of both e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes at the same time.

Recent studies indicate a notable trend in Poland: e-cigarette use among adolescents has surpassed that of traditional cigarettes, with a 2024 nationwide survey reporting that up to 40% of young respondents currently use e-cigarettes [ 11 ], and another analysis showing that 14.9% of adolescents aged 12–18 use e-cigarettes compared to 12.3% who smoke traditional cigarettes [ 12 ].