Excerpts

Results There was a statistically highly significant linear trend between increased parental LoC and higher probability of the children to be free from untreated caries, independent from the effect of sociodemographic variables of children and parents.

There was an inverse relationship between the number of protective factors and the prevalence of hypertension with a significant trend for a reduction in hypertension prevalence with increasing number of protective factors (Table 4 ).

There was a strong trend for a reduced prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia with increasing number of protective factors with those who scored four or more factors having approximately one-third and one-quarter the risk of hypertension and dyslipidemia respectively.

There were strong and highly significant inverse associations between mean SBP, mean DBP, and triglycerides and the number of protective factors, and a strong highly significant direct association between the number of factors and HDL cholesterol (Figures 1 and 2 ).

This method does, however, have several major limitations, including giving inadequate weight to studies reporting large and highly significant effects and giving too much weight to underpowered studies reporting 'no effect'.

There was also a strong trend for the same effect on chronic NSP in males.

Being born in regions other than Australia or New Zealand, and being separated/divorced, were the only other factors nearing significance.

The predictive model of osteoarthritis (Additional file 3 ) confirms age as a determinant of this condition, with the eldest age group showing a significantly increased risk (RR = 2.98 (1.49, 5.93)) (and a strong trend in the 55–64 age group).

0.82–1.01) were in the optimal model as judged by overall χ 2 , though PEFR and UCO were not significant, only showing a statistical trend.

However, although the association with high-risk drinking is itself moderated by occupation, this result has only borderline significance.

Currently, three serotypes (DENV1, 2 and 3) co-circulate in most areas of Brazil and an increasing trend in hospitalization rates has been observed, suggesting a shift in disease severity [ 18 ].

Some countries showed only an increasing trend in girls while in boys some stabilization was observed.

On the other hand, some of those substances that had a decreasing trend in prevalence either exhibited an increasing trend (e.g., alcohol and tobacco), remained relatively stable (e.g., ecstasy for middle school students) or, to a lesser extent, decreased in onset rate (ecstasy, ketamine, and marijuana for high school students).

Results For middle school students (grades 7 and 9), a decreasing trend in lifetime use prevalence over the years was found in tobacco, betel nut, ecstasy, and GHB (Additional file 1 : Table 1, upper panel).

The mother's marital status was borderline significant in the crude analysis, with a two-fold increase in odds ratio for being stunted if the mother was single, divorced, separated or widowed.

In the year 2001, the annual mortality rate increased significantly to 2.6 per million inhabitants from around 1.4 per million observed during the 1990ies.[ 15 ] Figure 1 shows yearly incidences of reported CJD deaths in Switzerland: between 1988 and 2000, an average of 9 definite and probable CJD deaths according to European criteria (maximum: 11 cases in 2000) were reported annually.[ 16 ] In 2001, 19 deaths were reported, an increasing trend that was sustained in the following years with 18 deaths in 2002, 17 in 2003, 16 in 2004, 10 in 2005, 13 in 2006 and 15 deaths in 2007.

Parental smoking at the time of interview was only marginally significant; however, when restricted to daily smokers, it remained significant in the multivariable model (data not shown).

Table 2 shows that there was a highly significant association between the squared centred Gini coefficient and the rate ratio of both acute and chronic hospitalisations at an LGA level, after adjusting for SEIFA disadvantage and ARIA scores.

There may be significant differences between rural and urban settings.

Although an increasing trend in suicide rates was observed in both young and elderly people, age-differential effects on suicide were displayed in opposite directions, in terms of absolute and proportional suicide mortality comparison.

A study of service utilization in Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles, showed that women were more likely to consult a general practitioner or specialist than men, which is in agreement with our findings (although the specialist consultation was borderline significant).

However two provider attitude variables approached significance.

Bias is much smaller, and only marginally statistically significant, when the study protocol explicitly allows participants to opt out of post-test counseling and the return of HIV test results.

First, we identified marginally significant bias under the assumptions of a protocol whereby test results are not returned to respondents.

In the first binary logistic model (consent levels B and C versus A), the likelihood of being HIV positive is correlated with consent for testing and post-test counseling and highly significant: for each percentage point increase in the likelihood of infection, the odds to consent to testing and post-test counseling (consent level A) decrease by 1.5%.