In adjusted results, the association between living in Greater Glasgow and current smoking was attenuated [OR = 0.92, CI = 0.78–1.09 for men, and OR = 1.08, CI = 0.94–1.23 for women; results based on multiply imputed data to account for missing values remained borderline significant for women].
Excerpts
The prevalence of enuresis showed a decreasing trend with increasing age of children.
more calories consumed and higher percent of calories from fat) with higher migration status, although the test for trend was of borderline significance.
The reduction in expired CO in reducers was highly significant, even at 12 months, which confirmed the efficacy of smoking reduction in our subjects.
The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) with median follow-up of 3.6 years [ 10 ] reported an increasing trend for prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity in both sexes.
Therefore, the odds of obesity in ethnic minority groups shows an increasing trend after controlling for the excess risks associated with low socio-economic status.
However, since 1998, four consecutive countrywide surveys showed a decreasing trend in the prevalence of underweight and stunting in all age and sex categories [ 14 ].
In Ethiopia there was an increasing trend of child undernutrition between 1983 and 1998 with significant variability between regions [ 13 ].
Up to 40% of older people can be considered as frail and an increasing trend can be expected [ 1 ].
The effect estimates remained statistically significant for primary and secondary education and borderline significant for tertiary education after adjusting for district, sex, age, marital status, religion, ethnic group, adult subgroups, employment status and income.
The annual mean levels of SO 2 have not exceeded the USEPA limit of 80 μg/m 3 , but the levels have shown an increasing trend in the last few years (Figure 2 ).
In addition, there is no well-designed study which estimates the economic cost of alcohol consumption in Thailand, where an increasing trend of alcohol consumption has been observed [ 12 ].
One of the cohort studies did attempt to adjust for frailty and physical functioning [ 52 ] and these factors were found to attenuate the association between low serum vitamin D status and hip fracture risk, although it remained marginally statistically significant.
The association between impoverished Whites and poor sleep remained highly significant (OR = 1.95, 95% CI 1.47-2.58).
The percentage of some/moderate problems is higher by approximately 30-60% among females than males in all dimensions, including borderline significance in the anxiety/depression dimension.
There is also an increasing trend of temporary migration among the young labour force from rural to urban areas because of better employment opportunities [ 14 ], which leaves more older people living on their own with less physical and emotional support from family members [ 15 ].
Although there are no data available concerning the relationships between B-vitamins fortification of a variety of foods and the global increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, the notable facts are that: (1) compared with formula-feeding, breastfeeding is associated with a reduction in risk of later overweight and obesity [ 45 - 47 ]; (2) high consumption of processed meat is a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes [ 48 ]; and (3) the global prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes showed a trend of spreading from the earliest fortified-countries to the latter fortified-countries, whereas the non-vitamin-fortified countries including western developed countries, such as Norway, have a low prevalence of obesity and diabetes, compared with the earliest fortified-countries, such as the US and Canada [ 49 , 50 ].
Moreover, there was a decreasing trend in US per capita consumption of dietary saturated fats in 1970s-1990s (Figure 7A , open cycles) and cholesterol from mid-1940s to late 1990s (Figure 7C , open cycles), with an increasing trend in the consumption of dietary fiber from mid-1960s to the early 2000 (Figure 7E , open cycles).
In contrast with the increasing problem of overnutrition, undernutrition showed a decreasing trend.
Women without any children showed a trend of having more overweight.
The evidence was equivocal with the pattern of data suggesting a possible association, but only one analysis approached significance[ 38 , 48 ].
The same pattern was evident in the fully adjusted model, although the individual contrasts in some cases fell short of significance.
These effects were pronounced and highly significant even in the fully adjusted model.
Baseline values for each variable considered are highly significant predictors.
Interestingly, there seemed to be a inverse trend between reaction time and the number of years of driving experience, but the direct comparison among driving license categories was not or only borderline significant (data not shown).